从三个方面入手破解七选五阅读理解

昝亚娟

北京市实验学校（海淀）

随着复习备考的深入推进，研究高考命题技巧和解题策略显得尤为重要。一方面，可以帮助教师更加精准地把握考点，提高复习备考的针对性。另一面，可以帮助考生掌握解题方法和思路，提高解题的速度和准确度。本文拟分析七选五阅读理解的命题特点，探索高效的解题策略。

一、题型分析

七选五题型主要考查考生把握文章和段落的主旨大意、语篇的基本结构以及分析段与段和句与句之间逻辑关系的能力。七选五阅读理解的语篇类型大多以说明文为主，偶有议论文和记叙文。文章的选材涉及社会生活的方方面面，内容丰富，体现鲜明的时代特征，引导考生如何行为处事，帮助考生树立正确的人生观和价值观，从而落实立德树人根本任务。七选五阅读理解的素材主题鲜明，结构严谨，层次分明，行文流畅。文章和选项的总词数约为300 词。

分析近年的高考真题可知，七选五阅读理解考查的项目包括：段落标题、主题句、过渡句、细节支撑句和结论句等。该题型重点考查学生对主旨大意和语篇结构的整体把握，以及对行文逻辑、段落层次和句际关系的分析能力。

二、七选五阅读理解解题策略

（一）从分析语篇模式入手

黄国文教授认为，语篇模式(textual pattern)是指语篇中各个主要部分的组合结果，其关心的是语篇组织的宏观结构。王佐良和丁往道教授指出：“不论是哪个类型的语篇，都在长期使用中形成了一种特定的模式(pattern)，具有一种区别于其他语篇的组织结构。英语的语篇模式主要有：概括—具体模式、问题—解决模式、提问—回答模式、主张—反主张模式和叙事模式等。而七选五阅读理解素材的语篇模式主要有两种,概括—具体模式和问题—解决模式。了解英语篇章模式的特点有助于考生精准把握语篇的整体布局和段落之间的关系。”

1.概括—具体模式(General—Specific Pattern)

概括—具体模式包括：概括陈述(general statement)、具体细节或举例(details/examples)和结论(conclusion/summary)三部分。有时，概括陈述或结论部分被省略。请看2022 年北京卷七选五：

Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life.Often due to various pressures,we tend to ignore our health. 35 It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases.

36 We need to be fit to have a healthy body.Similarly,if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body.Health is the state of our body at a given time.We may not have any disease but still have a weak body,which is ready to be targeted by viruses. 37 This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy.It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic conditions we live in.

It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. 38 For instance,we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style.There are different levels of exercises for different age groups and we must do them according to our own health and age.

Additionally,it is important to relax our body.We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day.It helps in improving our immune（免疫）system and protects us against diseases. 39 This,in turn,gives us new goals of health and fitness.A.Fitness levels decide the quality of life.

B.Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.

C.It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind.

D.For instance,we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily.

E.If we keep our body fit,we can enjoy life in a better manner.

F.There are some activities which everyone should do in our life.

G.This makes our body suffer and we will catch other diseases.

本文的体裁是议论文，论述了健身对于健康的重要性以及我们应该通过哪些健身方式来使自己拥有一个健康的身体。本文采用的是概括—具体模式：第一段为概括陈述(general statement)。作者开门见山，亮明观点：Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life。后面的三段是三个分论点，从不同侧面强调健身的重要性，为中心论点提供论据支撑。显然，结论部分被省略。因第二至四段为三个分论点，故36 空应填一个主题句，即一个分论点，与第三段第一句“It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness.”和第四段第一句“Additionally,it is important to relax our body.”构成并列关系。空格后的两句“We need to be fit to have a healthy body.Similarly,if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body.”阐述了健身与健康之间密不可分的关系为拥有健康的体魄，我们需要健身。同样，如果我们想身体健康，我们自然会被坚持健身所吸引。因此36 题应填B 项“Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.(健康和健身是相互关联的。)”，概括了全段的主旨大意，下文的两句对它进行解释。

2.问题—解决模式(Problem—Solution Pattern)

问题—解决模式包括：问题(problem)、原因(cause)和解决办法(solution)三部分。第一部分指出某个问题；第二部分分析问题，并找出原因；第三部分提出解决办法。请看2020 年1 月浙江卷：

Let’s take a minute to think about the water we use.The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy.When we are thirsty,we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.

31 For example,farmers,who produce the food we eat,use water to make the plants grow.When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer,we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.

The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want,but this is not the case for many people around the world. 32 That’s around one in 10 people in the world.If we drink dirty water,we can catch diseases from the bacteria and become ill.Every year over 500 000 children die from diarrhea（腹泻）from dirty water.That’s around 1 400 children every day! Also,in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water. 33 Therefore,they don’t have time to learn how to read or write and don’t get an education.

34 On this day every year,countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world.At one school in the UK,children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6 km with six litres of water. 35 People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.

A.We use water indirectly too.

B.Every system in our body depends on water to function.

C.It is to inspire people to learn more about waterrelated problems.

D.If children walk many hours a day to get water,they can’t go to school.

E.Did you know that around 750 million people do not have clean water to drink?

F.In 1993 the United Nations decided that March 22nd is the World Day for Water.

G.In this way,they know how it feels to walk a long distance carrying heavy bottles.

本文的体裁是说明文，说明了水在我们的日常生活中的重要性。本文采用了问题—解决模式：第一段和第二段引出本文即将讨论的话题“the water we use”。第二段指出，在全世界，十分之一的人缺少安全饮用水。然后，分析缺少清洁饮用水带来的严重后果；第三段介绍了在“世界水日”，英国儿童们参加的徒步运水活动，以唤起人们对安全饮水问题的关注，从而解决这个问题。

分析篇章结构可知，第二段与第一段并列，陈述水的重要性。根据下文“For example,farmers,who produce the food we eat,use water to make the plants grow.When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.（例如，生产我们吃的食物的农民，使用水使植物生长。当我们打开电灯、电视或电脑的开关时，我们使用能源，我们需要水来产生这种能源。）”可知，下文列举人们间接使用水的例子，故31 题填A 项“我们也间接地用水”，概括了本段的主旨大意。

（二）从行文逻辑或句际关系入手

英语的短文通常由若干段落组成，而段落则由句子组成。正如段落与段落之间存在着某种内在的关联一样，句子与句子之间存在着某种逻辑关系。研究行文逻辑或句际关系对正确解题至关重要。七选五阅读理解的语篇通常包括下面这些句际关系：

我们来看2022 年北京卷的七选五阅读理解的35 题，根据空格前一句“Often due to various pressures,we tend to ignore our health.（由于各种各样的压力，我们往往会忽视自己的健康）”可知，本空填选项G。句意为：“这使我们的身体遭受痛苦，而且我们会感染其它疾病。”上下句之间构成因果关系。而且G 项中的“other diseases”与空格后的“these diseases”相互照应，符合行文逻辑。38 题在主题句“It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness.”之后，应填F，为主题句提供细节支撑。后一句“For instance,we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style.”为本句提供一个例证，与选项F 一起支撑本段的主题句。第四段第一句“Additionally,it is important to relax our body.”为主题句，陈述充足的睡眠对于健康的重要性。选项C 陈述放松的好处，并且与第三句“It helps in improving our immune（免疫）system and protects us against diseases.”句式相似，构成并列关系。故选C。

（三）从语篇衔接手段入手

语篇衔接手段的运用可以使篇章更加连贯且具有逻辑性。而语篇衔接手段在篇章中常常是七选五考查的重点。因此，研究语篇衔接对破解七选五非常关键。

语篇衔接的手段有五种：照应(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)、连接(conjunction)及词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)。

1.照应

照应指使用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系,即在语篇中某个名词在重复出现时应使用恰当的代词来替代它。英语中的照应包括:人称照应、指示照应、比较照应。通过人称代词、指示代词和比较手段，与上下文中的某人或事物相呼应。

2020 年1 月浙江卷的34 题在段落开头挖空，根据下句中的“On this day every year”可判断本空填选项F。“On this day”指代选项F 中的“March 22nd，the World Day for Water”。通过使用代词，与上文进行照应。

2.替代

替代是用一个词去替代上文中出现过的词语。替代分有三类：名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代。

根据2022 年北京卷的七选五阅读理解的37 题 前 一 句“Health is the state of our body at a given time.We may not have any disease,but still have a weak body,which is ready to be targeted by viruses.”可知，虽然我们的身体没生病，但也很虚弱，随时会生病。再结合空格后一句“This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy.”可推断，身体发病并不一定表明我们是不健康的。由此可知，37 空承上启下，填D 项，为上句提供一个例子，来支撑作者的观点。而且，空后的一句使用代词This 替代D 项中的“we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily”，与上句联系起来。

2020 年1 月浙江卷的32 题在段落中间挖空，根据下文“That’s around one in 10 people in the world.（那大约是世界上十分之一的人。）”可推知，本句为说明世界上没有干净水喝的人数。故填选项E，代词That 指代选项E 陈述的内容。

3.省略

省略是指把语篇中某个或某些句子成分省去，句意仍然清楚。作为一种连句成篇的手段,省略使上下句在语义上建立一种相互依赖关系，使语篇更加紧凑,被省略的成分能从上下文中找到。省略同替代一样,也可分为名词省略、动词省略和小句省略。

4.连接

逻辑联系语指那些表示各种逻辑意义的连接手段,其功能是表示两个或多个句子之间的各种逻辑关系,并表明句子是在什么意义上相互联系起来的。逻辑联系语还可表明整个语篇的各个组成部分之间语义上的联系。英语中的逻辑联系语包括:增补、转折或对比、原因或结果和时间。前文讲过句际关系，此处不再赘述。

5.词汇衔接

（1）词汇复现

词汇复现包括：原词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现、上下义词与概括词复现。

（2022 年全国新高考Ⅰ卷七选五第五段）

My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park.Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do,how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session,and her age.It also listed her favorite sports and activities,and provided her phone number. 39

D.Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport?

E.How can you write a good“seeking training partner”notice?

F.Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.

G.Any notice for a training partner should include such information.

空格前举例说明了作者一个同伴怎样在当地公园里布告牌上张贴她的训练的需求以及她的个人情况，由此可知，作者举出一个句子。本空填选项G：对培训伙伴的任何通知都应包括这些信息。选项G中的“notice”与本段第一句中的“notice”为词汇复现，而且代词“such”指代本段中提到的my partner 的例子。

（2）表明段落开始、结尾的信号词和过渡语

①文章或段落起始常用的过渡词语

above all 首先，first of all首先，in the first place 首先，to begin with 首先，generally speaking总体上讲

② 文章或段落结尾常用的过渡词语

all in all 总之，in conclusion 最后，in brief/ in a nutshell 简言之，to sum up 总而言之，in a word总之

（3）常用表示先后次序的过渡词语

first 第一，second 第二，next 其次，eventually最 终，since then 自 此 以 后，afterward 随 后，meanwhile 同时，therefore 因而，immediately 立刻，finally 最后，最终

（4）表示因果关系的过渡词语

accordingly 于是，for this reason 由于这个原因，as a result of 由结果，in this way 这样，consequently结果，因此，due to由于，therefore因而，because of 因为，thus 这样

2020 年1 月浙江卷的33 题在段落中间挖空，根据上文“Also,in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water.”可知，如果孩子们每天走很多小时去取水，他们就不能去上学。挖空句与后句之间为因果关系，根据空格后的“Therefore”可判断33 题填选项D。

35 题在最后一段挖空，根据上句“At one school in the UK,children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water.”可推断，本句承接上文，陈述开展这个活动的目的是让孩子们体验扛水瓶走很远的路有什么感受。根据选项中的短语“In this way”可知，空格与上句构成因果关系，故填G 项。

（5）常用表示比较和对比的过渡词语

in contrast with 与……形成对照，similarly 同样，whereas 然而，on the contrary 相反，different from 与……不同，likewise 同样，equally important同样重要，on the one hand 一方面，on the other hand 另一方面

2021 年北京卷（第四段）：

...In one European study,participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure. 38 On the other hand,whenthe music slowed,the participants’stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit.

G.Interestingly,the more cheerful the music was,the faster their heart rates were.

根据空格前一句“In one European study,participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure.”可知，后面两句陈述的是关于参与者听音乐的情况介绍。本空填选项G.“Interestingly,the more cheerful the music was,the faster their heart rates were”。不仅G 项中的heart rates 和第一句中的heart rates 为同词复现，而且选项G 与下句形成对比关系。

（6）常用表示举例的词语

a case in point 恰当的例子，for example 举例，namely 也就是，that is to say 换言之，for instance举例

（7）常用表示附加的词语

in fact 其实，indeed 的确，actually 实际上，as a matter of fact，其 实obviously 显 而 易 见，apparently 显然

（8）表示总结的词语

on the whole 总之 in conclusion 总之in a word总而言之 to sum up 概括地说 in brief 简言之;in summary 总而言in short 简言之

总之，七选五既考查考生对语篇的整体理解和篇章结构的把握，又考查考生对行文逻辑和句际关系的分析，体现了对考生思维品质的深度考查。无论是教师，还是考生，都应对该题给予足够的重视。如果我们能够改变思路，从关注语篇模式、剖析行文逻辑和揣摩、研究句际关系入手，我们就能更好地理解文章，把握文章的脉络和内在逻辑关系，从而精准破解七选五，取得理想的考试成绩。