高考英语中“熟词生义”的总结与备考策略探究
2023-08-11董雨洁
董雨洁
(湖南省株州市第十八中学)
新课标、新高考、新教材背景下,高考英语聚焦于语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力的学科核心素养,侧重对学生综合应用英语能力的考察,这一特点在近三年高考英语试题中尤为突出。其中,学生对于“熟词生义”的处理能够衡量出综合语言能力,如果对“熟词生义”这一现象缺乏敏感性,只停留在“熟词熟义”层面,无法准确识别出该单词在文中的应有之义,就会导致对段落、篇章的理解产生偏差。为助力学生突破这一难题,笔者对2021—2023 年高考试卷中的“熟词生义”用法进行了整理、分析并做出预测,提出了新的备考策略,供广大师生参考。
一、真题再现
(一)2023 年高考真题熟词生义用法汇总
【新课标Ⅰ卷阅读A 篇】
1.You can alsobikealong lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
熟义:bike n.自行车,脚踏车,单车;摩托车
生义:bike v.骑单车
【新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B 篇】
2.Why can certain plantstrapharmful bacteria(细菌)?
熟义:trap n.困境,陷阱v.困住
生义:trap v.吸收
3.He had aninquiringmind.
熟义:inquire v.询问
生义:inquiring(inquire 的现在分词形式)adj.一探究竟的,刨根问底的。
【新课标Ⅰ卷七选五】
4.It might be the time when you helped a friend with their homework,when you did the ironing without being asked,...
熟义:iron n.铁;铁器
生义:iron v.用(熨斗)熨,烫平 现在分词形式 do the ironing 熨衣服
【新课标Ⅰ卷完形填空】
5.Melanie Bailey should have 41 (finished)thecourseearlier than she did.
熟义:course n.课程;过程
生义:course n.赛道
6.Although the two young women were strangers before the 54 (meet),they’ve since become friends.
熟义:meet v.相遇,遇见
生义:meet n.体育比赛,运动会
【新课标Ⅰ卷语法填空】
7.The meat should be fresh with atouchof sweetness and the soup hot,clear and delicious.
熟义:touch v.触摸;与……有关;轻拍;碰
生义:touch n.一点儿,少许 a touch of 一丝
【新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写】
8.If you’re willing toapplyyourself,I think you have a goodshotat this.
熟义:apply v.运用
shot n.射击,开枪(或炮);枪(或炮)声;射手,枪手;弹丸,子弹;火箭发射
生义:apply v.投入
a good shot at sth.一击命某物,本句话可译为“如果你能全身心的投入(到写作中),我相信你一定能行!”
【新高考Ⅱ卷阅读C 篇】
9.More recently,as books have become inexpensive or eventhrowaway,...
熟义:throwaway adj.废弃的;一次性使用的;用后丢弃的throw away 丢弃
生义:throwaway n.一次性物品
10.Before the wide use of the printing press,books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their ownright.
熟义:right adj.对的,正确的 n.权利
生义:right n.实力 in their own right 凭借他们自身的实力
(二)2022 年高考真题熟词生义用法汇总
【新高考Ⅰ卷阅读A 篇】
1....but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or testsdrawndirectly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class’lecture/discussion.
熟义:draw v.绘画;拉;牵引
生义:draw v.获取,得到
2.An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each classperiodit is late.
熟义:period n.时期;时代
生义:period n.课时,学时
3.Short writings missed as a result of anexcusedabsence will be accepted.
熟义:excuse n.借口;理由;辩解 v.原谅;宽恕;为……辩解
生义:excuse v.允许……离开;an excused absence 情有可原/有理由的一次缺席/一次请假
【新高考Ⅰ卷阅读B 篇】
4.Istuckthe chicken in the freezer.
熟义:stick v.刺;戳;插
生义:stick v.(迅速而随意地)摆放;放置
5....“food waste goes against the moralgrain,”as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story.
熟义:gain n.谷物、谷粒;颗粒;格令(重量计量单位);(木、织物或石头等)纹理
生义:grain n.准则,常理 go against the moral grain 有悖道德准则
6.It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from“ugly”(but quite eatable)vegetablesrejectedby grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
熟义:reject v.拒绝;排斥
生义:reject v.(因质量不好而)废弃
7.The arugula(芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad,rounding outa roast chicken dinner.
熟义:round adj.圆的
生义:round v.使……成圆形;round out 使……圆满;使……完整
8.Last year itrecoveredmore than 807 500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有疵的)producethat otherwise would have rotted in fields.
熟义:recover v.恢复(健康,精神,体力);重新找回
produce v.生产;产生;制造;引起
生义:recover v.回收
produce n.农产品
【新高考Ⅰ卷七选五】
9.Fitness Magazine recentlyranan article titled“Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner”.
熟义:run v.跑,奔跑;经营,管理
生义:run v.发表,刊登
10.One reason was:“You’ll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym,”while anotherread: ...
熟义:read v.阅读,朗读;看
生义:read v.写道
11....your partner will be able to lift moreweightsand you will become more physically fit.
熟义:weight n.重量;体重;负担;v.使……负重
生义:weight n.哑铃 lift more weights 举起更多的哑铃
【新高考Ⅰ卷完形填空】
12.The 49 (wind)picked upand thunderrolled.
熟义:pick up 拾起;跌倒(或被击倒)后慢慢站起身;整理 (房间、房子);接起 (某观点、话题)
roll v.滚动;(车辆) 缓行;(液体) 滚落;(机器) 运转
生义:pick up(风力)增大、增强;起风了roll v.(雷声)隆隆作响
13. We were stuck in the middle of the lake with adeadmotor.
熟义:dead adj.死的;失去生命的;枯萎的 n.死人;死者
生义:dead adj.(机器或设备)不运行的,不转动的
【新高考Ⅰ卷语法填空】
14.After a three-yearpilotperiod,the GPNP will be officially set up next year.
熟义:pilot n.驾驶员
生义:pilot adj.实验性的
15.Giant pandas also serve 64 (as)anumbrellaspecies(物种),bringing protection to ahostof plants and animals...
熟义:umbrella n.伞;雨伞
host n.主人;东道主;主办国(或城市、机构);节目主持人;v.主办,主持(活动);主持(电视或广播节目等)
生义:umbrella n.保护伞;庇护umbrella species伞护种(其生存环境可以满足很多其他物种要求的物种,如果伞护种的生存环境得到保护,其他物种也能享受到相应的保护)
host n.许多,大量a host of 许多,大量
【新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写】
16.I looked around and finallyspottedDavid,who was standing by himself off to the side by a fence.
熟义:spot n.斑点;点;污迹;地点;场所
生义:spot v.看见;注意到;发现
【全国甲卷阅读A 篇】
17.St David’s Hall is the award winning National Concert Hall of Wales standing at theveryheart of Cardiff’s entertainment centre.
熟义:very adv.(修饰形容词和副词)很,非常;极其;完全地
生义:very adj.(特指人或事物)正是的(加强名词的语气)the very heart of……的正中心
18.Presenting thebestof the West End along with thepickof the UK’s touring shows,...
熟义:best adj.最好的,最出色的;最愉快的,最幸福的;最合适的,最恰当的
pick v.采,摘(花、果);(用手指)弄掉;找茬;捡,抱起;选择;弹,拨(弦)
生义:best n.最好的事物
pick n.精品,精华 the pick of ……的精华
【全国甲卷阅读D 篇】
19.Andrew Reynolds,a cheerful fellow in his early 30s,pilotsSydney ferry boats for a living.
熟义:n.领航员
生义:pilot v.领航;驾驶(船只)
20.We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with adriveand dynamism of a young country.
熟义:drive v.开车;驾车送人;迫使,驱使;驱赶
生义:drive n.冲劲、干劲
【全国甲卷七选五】
21.When you put them down betweenbites,always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you.
熟义:bite v.咬;叮,蜇
生义:bite n.咬下去的一口
22.Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seemrandomand strange,but they are important in various countries.
熟义:random adj.随机的,随意的(非事先决定或不规则)
生义:random adj.不可思议的,出人意料的(与strange 同义)
23. 40 the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign culturalpractices.
熟义:practice v.练习;n.实践;惯例做法;训练
生义:practice n.习俗,习惯cultural practices文化习俗
【全国甲卷完形填空】
24.You cantella lot about a man by how he treats his dogs.
熟义:tell v.告诉,告知;说,讲述;说明;吩咐
生义:tell v.识别;知道;看出
25.When I first dated Steve,I 43 (learned)he had a dog,Molly,and a cat,Flora.
熟义:learn v.学,学习;学会;学到;从……中吸取教训
生义:learn v.得知,获悉;准确地判断
26.A year later,much to my 58 (delight),this manproduceda little box with a ring and proposed to me.
熟义:produce v.生产,制造;繁育;引起
生义:produce v.拿出,掏出
【全国乙卷阅读A 篇】
27.This exhibition ofsomesixty masterpiecescelebratingthe life and work of Scotland’s best loved painter,Sir Henry Raeburn,comes to London.
熟义:some det.(与不可数名词或复数可数名词连用)一些;(指一集体中的某些成员或一事物的某些类型)某些,部分;pron.数量不确切时用)有些人,有些事物
celebrate v.庆祝;庆祝(节日)
生 义:some adv.(用 于 数 词 前,意 同approximately)大约,差不多
celebrate v.歌颂;赞美
28.A special low entrancechargeof £2 per person is available to all in full-time education,up to and including those at first degree level,in organised groups with teachers.
熟义:charge n.负荷
生 义:charge n.要 价;收 费a special low entrance charge of 2 per person 每人2 英镑的超低门票价格
29.Scottish National Portrait (肖像画) Gallerypresentsa series of lectures for the general public.
熟义:present adj.现存的;当前的;出席的;在场的;n.礼品;当前(the present);v.把……交给;颁发;提出;表现
生义:present v.推出
30.Admissionto lectures is free.
熟义:admission n.(机构、组织等的)准许加入,进入权;(尤指对过错、罪行的)承认,招认
生义:admission n.入场券,门票费
【全国乙卷阅读B 篇】
31.Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden,...
熟义:society n.社会;社团;协会
生义:society n.上流社会
32.Thesweepof the land and the stoicism (坚忍)of the peoplemoveher to some beautiful writing.
熟义:sweep v.清扫;(迅猛地)推送,吹走;(风、雨、雪、火等 )猛烈吹过;掠过
move n.(使)改变位置,移动;前进;进展;搬迁;感动
生义:sweep n.(道路、河流、海岸等)一长段,绵延弯曲的地带,呈缓坡状的地带
move v.促使,迫使(某人……);move sb.to do sth.促使某人做某事
【全国乙卷阅读C 篇】
33.It is calculated that European railwaysalonespend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance,including sending maintenance staff,often at night,to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.
熟义:alone adj.&adv.独自的;单独的;孤独的,无依无靠的;唯一的
生义:alone adv.仅仅,单,只
34.By using the latest technologies,drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways,detecting faults in the rail orswitchesbefore they can cause any safety problems.
熟义:switch v.(使)改变,转变,突变;n.(电路的)开关;闸
生义:switch n.(铁路的)道岔,转辙器
【全国乙卷阅读D 篇】
35.It is believed that today’s children and teenagers areconsumingthree times the recommended level of sugar,putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
熟义:consume v.消耗;消费
生义:consume v.吃;喝;饮
36.First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,wasintroducedto help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖).
熟义:introduce v.介绍,引见
生义:introduce v.(法律、产品)推行,实施,采用
37.Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import,depending on the sugarcontent.
熟义:content n.内容
生义:content n.含量 sugar content 含糖量
38.However,somehighsugar brands,like Classic Coca Cola,haveacceptedthe sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.
熟义:high adj.高的;(离地面)很高的;海拔很高的;上层的;地位高的
accept v. 收受;接受;同意;认可生义:high adj.含量高的
accept v. 容忍,忍受(困境等)
【全国乙卷完形填空】
39.Our youngsubjects54 (comprehend)the questions and knew 55 (exactly)what was asked of them.
熟义;subject n.学科,课程;主语;(绘画、摄影等的)主题,题材
生义:subject n.实验对象,接受试验者
40.They simply 58 (insist on)mutual(相互的)recognition andregard.
熟义:regard v.认为,把……看作
生义:regard n.(正式)尊重,敬佩
【全国乙卷语法填空】
41.The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society 63 (addressed)the opening ceremony.
熟义:address n.地址;邮箱地址;v.写(收信人)姓名地址;致函;处理;对付;解决
生义:address v.(正式)发表演说
二、分析与建议
1.判断词性,转换词义
阅读试题时,如果碰到与常用词性不一致的“熟词”,师生需要首先判断“熟词”在文中的词性,通过阅读上下文,对词义进行转化。
常见的词性转化有:动词名词化(stand小摊贩、drive 驱动力、produce 农产品、pick 精华、regard尊重、bite 咬下去的一口);名词动词化(picture描绘蓝图、spring 跳跃、spot 发现);形容词名词化(some 一些人或事、beauty 美人或美景、best最好的人或事);形容词副词化(some 大约);名词形容词化(umbrella 综合的)等。
本文第一章节中2023 年题1.9,2022 年题3.8.11.14.16.18.19.20.21.23.32.33.34.40属于此类情况。
2.反向构词,拓展词义
虽然新课标中仅有3 500 个词汇,但高考命题绝不局限于这3 500 词。试题的命制是由这3 500词汇拓展而成,可见构词法学习的重要性。一个单词一般由前缀(prefix)、词根(root)和后缀(suffix)这三个部分组成。前缀改变词义,词根决定单词的核心意思,后缀改变词性。所以,如果能够保留词根进行反向推导,将“生义”简化成“熟义”,再结合语境,适度拓展就能够很大程度上灵活解决“熟词生义”的问题。
本文第一章节中2023 年题3.4,2022 年题3与题30 属于此类情况。以2022 年题3.30 为例,具体分析如下:
3.Short writings missed as a result of anexcusedabsence will be accepted.
由于excused adj.→excuse v.(原谅,宽恕;辩解,开脱;准许……离开;同意免除),an excused absence 可以理解成“经过(老师)批准的缺课”,整句话就能转换成“因为一次请假缺课造成短文写作未交(的情况)是可以接受的。”
30.Admissionto lectures is free.
由于admission n.→admit v.(允许进入,承认),整句话可以理解成“参加讲座是免费的”,那么“admission”就可以解读为“入场费”。
3.借助搭配,想象词义
高考试题中不乏地道的说明文,此类文章涵盖的专业词汇多、涉及范围广,这给学生的阅读理解造成了不小的困扰。针对专业术语中的“熟词生义”,师生可以借助词组搭配,结合文章话题,发挥想象进行推敲。
本文第一章节中2023 年题7.8.10,2022 年题1.2.4.5.6.8.11.12.13.14.15.19.23.28.31.34.36.37.38.39.40.41 属于此类情况。以下,对2022 年题36 与题38 进行具体分析:
36.First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,wasintroducedto help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖).
38.However,somehighsugar brands,like Classic Coca Cola,haveacceptedthe sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.
通过句子成分划分,可知36 题中主句为“the tax was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity”,考虑到本文主旨大意为“通过征收饮料含糖税收的方式来降低儿童肥胖率”,was introduced 在文章应转意成“被实施、被运用”。根据上文背景(税收的实施)与下文“因为担心会引发消费者不满而拒绝改变”,得知38 题中对于“high sugar brands(含糖量高的饮料品牌)”是被动接受这项税收条款的,所以accept 可以理解成“忍受,容忍”。
三、预测与备考策略
纵观近几年的高考试题,“熟词生义”现象看似零散,其实有规律可循。
1.“熟词生义”现象多出现在说明文、议论文或夹叙夹议文中,尤其集中在高考阅读的C 篇与D 篇。因此,在试题解答中,如遇到此类文章,师生应提高警惕,敏锐辨别“熟词生义”,避免惯性思维。
2.通过总结分析,不难发现有许多相同的“熟词”反复出现,这类词未来在高考中出现的机率很大,如“run(发布;印刷),consume(吃;喝;饮),tell(看出;准确判断),class(阶级;组别)”等。师生需高度重视,注意积累,熟练掌握此类“熟词”。
3.此外,许多“熟词”还存在多种“生义”。未来高考可能会考察同一“熟词”的不同“生义”。师生应深度挖掘,举一反三,灵活掌握此类“熟词”在不同语境、情境和场合下的多层“生义”,示例如下:
本文第一章节中2022 年题14 与题19 中的“pilot”一词属于此类情况,考察的生义分别为“实验性的”和“领航;驾驶(船只)”。此外,“pilot”还有可能用作动词,出现“引导”生义。
还有一些“熟词”,如“charge”考查过“要价”生义,还有可能出现“冲锋;感染力”等生义;“regard”考察过“尊敬”生义,还有可能出现“关注;问候”等生义。
总之,词语的本意离不开语境,不同语境会赋予同一单词不同含义。师生需要广泛阅读,不断积累、掌握单词活用技巧,实现在“熟词”本义的基础上,进行合理且有逻辑的联想,使语篇语境符合实际,准确理解文章内涵,破除“熟词生义”带来的障碍。
附表:2021 高考真题中的熟词生义用法汇总