巧用故事梗概和关键词备考读后续写与故事复述

唐孝云

一、概述

在高考备考中，读后续写与故事复述两道题型都是学生的难点。从题型的设置看，读后续写与故事复述有一个巨大的共同点，即文本都以记叙文为主。从考查的目的看，读后续写侧重考查学生的阅读和写作能力，故事复述则侧重考查学生的听说能力；但是，也有相似之处，读后续写需要学生通过阅读获取信息弄懂故事梗概，再根据段首句关键词进行合理的推断，组织语言写出符合逻辑的故事；而故事复述需要学生通过已知信息及故事梗概和关键词，做出合理的推断，有针对性地听取更多的信息后，组织语言复述原文故事。由此可见，教师可以将两道题型的备考结合起来。现在以两道高考真题为例，分析如何运用相似的解题方法和步骤帮助学生提高读后续写与故事复述的解题能力。

二、实例分析——读后续写

（2021年全国Ⅰ卷）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

A MOTHERS DAY SURPRISE

The twins were filled with excitement as they thought of the surprise they were planning for Mother's Day. How pleased and proud Mother would be when they brought her breakfast in bed. They planned to make French toast and chicken porridge. They had watched their mother in the kitchen. There was nothing to it. Jenna and Jeff knew exactly what to do．

The big day came at last. The alarm rang at 6 a.m. The pair went down the stairs quietly to the kitchen. They decided to boil the porridge first. They put some rice into a pot of water and left it to boil while they made the French toast. Jeff broke two eggs into a plate and added in some milk. Jenna found the bread and put two slices into the egg mixture. Next，Jeff turned on the second stove burner to heat up the frying pan. Everything was going smoothly until Jeff started frying the bread. The pan was too hot and the bread turned black within seconds. Jenna threw the burnt piece into the sink and put in the other slice of bread. This time，she turned down the fire so it cooked nicely．

Then Jeff noticed steam shooting out of the pot and the lid starting to shake. The next minute，the porridge boiled over and put out the fire. Jenna panicked. Thankfully，Jeff stayed calm and turned off the gas quickly. But the stove was a mess now. Jenna told Jeff to clean it up so they could continue to cook the rest of the porridge. But Jeff's hand touched the hot burner and he gave a cry of pain. Jenna made him put his hand in cold water. Then she caught the smell of burning. Oh dear！ The piece of bread in the pan had turned black as well.

注意：

1.續写词数应为150左右；

2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Para.1：As the twins looked around them in disappointment，their father appeared.

Para. 2：The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up.

1. 读要素

Elements

Whothe twins （Jenna，Jeff），father，mother

Whenon Mother's Day

Wherein the kitchen，upstairs，at home

WhatThe twins planned to cook breakfast for their mother on Mother's Day.

通过读故事原文的基本要素并进行归纳可以得出故事梗概：在母亲节的当天，双胞胎Jenna和Jeff在厨房里为妈妈准备早餐作为节日礼物。刚开始进行得比较顺利，但是后来粥溢出来了，Jeff的手烫伤了，面包也烤焦了。正在一筹莫展之时，父亲出现了。

2. 推故事

阅读段首句，找出关键词推断故事的发展。续写第一段关键词有Twins，disappointment，their father；续写第二段关键词有the breakfast，upstairs，woke up，their mother。基于原文，根据正能量原则以及第二段关键词，可以推断，续写第一段父亲出现应该起到的是积极作用，即成功地帮助双胞胎完成给妈妈做早餐的计划。续写第二段则主要侧重描写妈妈在看到双胞胎的节日礼物时的反应。

3. 写故事

根据归纳出的故事梗概和段首句中关键词进行合理的推断后，学生可以以每一段出现的人物为主语造简单句构建故事情节。根据150字的字数要求，续写的每一段大概写8句左右即可。续写如下：

Para.1：As the twins looked around them in disappointment，their father appeared.

① He saw the mess in the kitchen．

② He understood．

③ He comforted the twins.

④ He helped them cook breakfast.

⑤ He taught them to cook porridge，fry bread and clean the kitchen.

⑥ The breakfast was ready.

⑦ The twins were delighted.

⑧ They thanked their father.

Para. 2：The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up.

① The twins said Happy Mother's Day．

② Their mother saw the breakfast．

③ She was surprised．

④ She was moved．

⑤ She said thank you．

⑥ She hugged them．

⑦ Their father also came into the room．

⑧ She suggested they eat all of the food together．

⑨ They enjoyed the breakfast together.

4. 潤故事

为了使故事完整且丰满，在构建故事情节时，学生要尽可能地进行细节描写，即要考虑到主要人物的动作、心理、语言，必要时添加起到烘托作用的环境描写。为了使故事条理清晰逻辑合理，学生需要使用恰当的衔接词。为了使故事更具有可读性，学生在运用语言时，可适当使用从句、非谓语动词等复杂的语法结构，同时，要注意语言的一致性，即人称一致、时态一致等。

A possible version：

Para.1：As the twins looked around them in disappointment，their father appeared. Seeing the mess in the kitchen，their father understood what they were doing（动作描写）. “Don't be upset. Let me help you，dear.（语言描写）” He comforted them gently. The twins changed their sorrow into joy （心理描写）.Then their father taught them to cook porridge，fry bread and clean the kitchen step by step（动作描写）. Within half an hour，under their father's guidance，the kitchen was cleaned and the breakfast was ready（动作描写）. The twins were so delighted and thanked their father sincerely（心理及动作描写）．

Para. 2：The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up. “Happy Mother's Day！ Mom！” They said to their mother happily（语言描写）. At the sight of the breakfast，their mother was surprised and moved（心理描写）. “Thank you！ Sweetheart！” She replied and hugged them tightly（语言及动作描写）. At the moment，their father came into the room and looked at them with a satisfied look（动作及心理描写）. The twins asked their mother to try the breakfast and looked at her expectantly（语言及动作描写）. She tried it and nodded，“It tastes so good！（动作及语言描写）” Then she suggested they eat the breakfast together（语言描写）. They enjoyed the breakfast delightedly（动作描写）. The house was surrounded by love（环境描写）．

三、实例分析——故事复述

（2019年试题A）Part C Retelling

In this part，you are required to listen to a monologue and then retell what you have heard in your own words．

梗概：母親节，Tom欲购鲜花邮递给母亲，一小女孩的行为使他改变了主意。

关键词： flower（鲜花） deliver（邮递） girl（女孩） cancel（取消） in person（亲自）

1. 推故事

在平时的训练过程中，学生可按照读后续写的方法，在听录音之前根据故事梗概和关键词，进行合理的推断，并以主人公做主语造简单句构建故事情节。

① Tom wanted to buy some flowers for his mum on Mother's Day．

② Tom wanted to deliver the flowers to his mum．

③ Tom met a little girl．

④ The little girl did something．

⑤ Tom changed his mind．

⑥ Tom canceled his delivery．

⑦ Tom gave the flowers to his mum in person.

2. 听信息

在记叙文中，主人公的行为动作推动着故事发展，因此，首先要听的信息是主人公的动作即录音中的动词。然后，根据故事的要素，考生必须要听取的信息有who，when，where，what，how，why。在这一道高考题中，学生需听取的信息包括：除了Tom，girl还有没有其他的人物；已知when是母亲节，学生则需注意具体的故事发展先后的具体时间词；故事发生的地点where即在哪里买花，在哪里遇到的小女孩等；以及推断故事中 “The little girl did something”，小女孩到底做了什么即what，也就是Tom是how 和why改变主意的。

最后，根据读后续写润故事的方法，为了使故事完整且丰满，细节描写要全面，即要尽可能地听取有关主人公的心理描写、语言描写以及必要的环境描写。

3. 作记录

在推断出的故事的基础上，记录需要特意听取的信息，记录时恰当使用常用的速记方法，如下表所示：

4. 说故事

根据推断出的故事和记录的信息，组织语言说出故事。与训练读后续写“润故事”一样，在组织语言时，注意语法结构，保持人称和时态一致。为了使故事条理清晰逻辑合理，需要使用恰当的衔接词。

Possible version：

On Mother's Day，Tom stopped his car outside a flower shop. He wanted to buy some flowers and deliver them to his mother. Before he entered the shop，he saw a little girl crying on the roadside. He walked to the girl and asked what happened. The little girl told him she wanted to buy a rose for her mom but she didn't have money. After hearing the girl's words，Tom took the girl's hand，entered the shop，ordered flowers for his mum and bought a rose for the girl. Then，Tom wanted to drive the girl home. However，the girl said she wouldn't go home but go to the bus station. Because her mum worked in another town and she wanted to give the rose to her today. Tom was touched and changed his mind. After driving the girl to the station，he returned to the shop，canceled the delivery，bought flowers and a box of chocolates，drove to his mom，and gave them to her in person．

四、结语

总之，在读后续写和故事复述的备考过程中，巧妙地运用故事梗概和关键词，将两道题型的训练有效地结合起来，优化教学设计，不仅能够巩固学生的语法知识、训练学生的阅读写作能力，也能提升学生的听说能力，更重要的是训练了学生触类旁通的逻辑思维能力。

责任编辑吴昊雷