KFC三步法解锁英语高考阅读理解推理判断题

汤霞峰

阅读理解这一题型在英语高考试卷中占比极大，因此一直以来都有“成也阅读，败也阅读”之说。虽然说词汇是阅读的基础，有些同学以为只要词汇量达标，阅读水平自然会提升。但是据笔者目前在高三英语教学实践中发现，很大一部分同学词汇量上去了，单词认识了，可阅读理解的得分率依然很低。可见出题人在限时阅读中真正考查的并不只有词汇能力，翻译能力等语言理解能力，还有信息检索和快速定位的能力。一般来说，阅读理解题型主要分为四类：主旨大意题，词义猜测题，推理判断题和细节理解题。从2022年新高考Ⅰ卷和Ⅱ卷来看，主旨大意题只占10%，词义猜测已经替换成推测所给词的指代意义，细节理解题基本都是根据原文所给的细节推断原文没有明说的新的结论。也就是说，英语高考阅读理解题中考查的最大比重是推理类题型，2022年全国Ⅰ卷更是如此，15道阅读理解题推理判断类题型有9道，比重高达60%。根据这一情况，本文试图以2022年高考英语真题为例，介绍“KFC三步法”来解锁推理类阅读题。

一、题型特征

推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑联系，研究细节的暗示，推敲言外之意或者作者的态度。这一类题型通常包括：细节推断，作者或人物观点态度，文章出处，词义推测以及主旨大意推测等，常见的设问关键词包括：inferred/concluded，imply，suggest，intends to，attitude等。

e.g．

21. Where is the text probably taken from？（2022年新高考Ⅰ卷）

30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph seven？（2022年新高考Ⅰ卷）

27. What can we learn about the author as a journalist？（2022年新高考Ⅱ卷）

35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest？（2022年新高考Ⅱ卷）

35. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy？ （2022年全国乙卷）

35. Which statement will the author probably agree with？ （2022年全国甲卷）

二、解题方法

对于这类题型，学生需要领会作者的言外之意，从已知推断出未知，切记一定要忠于原文，忠于主旨推理，不要借助想象和生活经验随意推测。为了让考生突破这一类重难点题型，我们在此提倡KFC——Key word，Find，Compare（一划关键词，二找答案所在原文的位置，三比较各选项得出答案）三步法让考生们快速且准确地应对。接下来以2022年全国高考真题为例进行解析说明。

三、实例解析

［例1］新高考全国Ⅰ卷B篇——细节推断

Like most of us，I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula（芝麻菜） was to make a nice green salad，rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed，the arugula went bad. Even worse，I had unthinkingly bought way too much； I could have made six salads with what I threw out．

24.What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story？

A. We pay little attention to food waste.

B. We waste food unintentionally at times．

C. We waste more vegetables than meat.

D. We have good reasons for wasting food．

這是一篇说明文，文章指出了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象，并介绍华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官Curtin为解决食物浪费问题所做出的努力和行动。根据应对推理判断题的KFC解题法，第一步是划出题干所示的关键词（Keyword）：the arugula story，第二步是找出关键词在原文出现的位置（Find），可以定位答案就在本篇的第一段。这一步需要读者通过读懂第一段来推断言外之意。文中提到“我”跟许多人一样，有避免食物浪费的意识，但有一次“我”用芝麻菜做了一份沙拉，因为朋友邀请外出吃饭，将芝麻菜搁置在冰箱以至其变质，更糟糕的是“我”一不小心材料买多了，以至造成了更大的浪费。找到答案所在位置之后来到第三步比较各选项（Compare）。A选项说pay little attention to food waste与原文第一句不符，C选项是无中生有，原文没有提到浪费vegetable和meat之间的比较。D选项说我们有食物浪费的正当理由，这显然是黑白颠倒，不合情理的表述。而B选项正是第一段这个芝麻菜故事的隐含意义——即使我们有不去浪费食物的意识，但仍会在无意当中造成食物浪费，故选B。

［例2］新高考全国Ⅰ卷C篇——主旨大意推断

Wendy Wilson，extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street，one of the first to embark on the project，said：“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”

Lynn Lewis，director of Notting Hill Pathways，said：“We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”

31.What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs？

A. It is well received.

B. It needs to be more creative．

C. It is highly profitable.

D. It takes ages to see the results．

这是一篇说明文，介绍了一个旨在减少老年人孤独感，改善老年人健康状况的项目。第一步读题干划出关键词（Keyword）——the project from the last two paragraph，第二步找出（Find）答案所在位置，定位到最后两段，这两段分别是Wendy和Lynn对于the project的积极评价，第三步比较（Compare）各选项，根据原文welcome the idea of the project，looking forward to the benefits and fun，we are happy to be taking part in the project，it will really help...等信息可以推测出A选项——它很受欢迎——正确，而B选项它需要更有创造性，C选项它是非常有利可图的，和D选项它需要很多年才能看到成效，这三种表述都没有依据。

［例3］全国甲卷B篇——词义推断

Ever since her childhood，Ginni，now 71，has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career（职业）as a professional dancer，she toured in the UK，but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest，she decided it was time to take the plunge．

After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts，Ginni began to travel the world，eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get lastminute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego，the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go”，she says. “I had no idea about what Id find there and I wasnt nervous，I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”

28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2？

A. Try challenging things.

B. Take a degree．

C. Bring back lost memories.

D. Stick to a promise．

這是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Bazlinton从小就渴望旅行和探险，当她退休后她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。先划出关键词take the plunge in paragraph 2，再快速找到答案可能所在的位置，定位在划线词的前后两句。Throughout her career（职业）as a professional dancer，she toured in the UK，but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest，she decided it was time to take the plunge. 该句的参考译文为：她在作为专业舞者的职业生涯中也曾游览英国，但她想探索更多的地方。当她退出舞坛，儿子们都成家立业了，她决定是时候探险了。从后一句“After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts，Ginni began to travel the world，eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. ”退休后拿新学位，环球旅行，再到日本和智利教英语可知，take the plunge是决定“尝试有挑战性的事情”，B选项拿到学位容易成为强大的干扰项，但概括不全面，C选项找回失去的记忆和D选项坚守承诺都属于无中生有，因此比较各选项后选A。

［例4］全国乙卷B篇——文体推断

In 1916，two girls of wealthy families，best friends from Auburn，N. Y.--Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood--traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a oneroom schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead，Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted：The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden，who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruffs granddaughter．

In Wickendens book，she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism，which of course influenced the girls decision to go to Elkhead. A hairraising section concerns the building of the railroads，which entailed （牵涉） drilling through the Rockies，often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothys return to Auburn．

Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism （坚忍） of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff...

27. What is the text？

A. A news report.______

B. A book review.

C. A childrens story.

D. A diary entry．

從题干关键词the text来看该题是对文体类型的考查，需要考生整体扫读全文，找到关涉文体的信息，再整合信息比较选项，最终得出正确答案。根据倒数第二段“The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothys return to Auburn.”——这本书以Rosamond和Dorothy回到奥本结束，以及最后一段“Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism （坚忍） of the people move her to some beautiful writing.”——Wickenden是个很会讲故事的人。大地的辽阔和人们的坚韧使她创作出了一些美丽的作品——由此可知该语篇简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容，并对其进行了简要的评价。最后比较各选项，A是新闻报道，C是儿童故事，D是日记，其中C选项干扰性较大，但文本中除了讲述书中两个孩子的故事，还有对故事和故事作者的评述，故选B书评。

［例5］新高考全国Ⅱ卷D篇——人物观点

Dr.Nieca Goldberg，a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association，says Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference．

35.What does Dr.Nieca Goldberg suggest？

A. Making use of the findings.

B. Interviewing the study participants．

C. Conducting further research.

D. Clarifying the purpose of the study．

从2022年高考真题题型分类来看，阅读理解对人物观点或态度的推断题考查比重越来越大，而这一题型用KFC三步法解锁起来更高效。这是一篇说明文，描述了人在年老之后，心脏的功能也会慢慢退化。而得克萨斯大学的心脏专家列文做了一项研究，阐述了运动的频率和强度与心脏的健康状况之间的关系。解答本题第一步划定关键词Dr.Nieca Goldberg，第二段找到关键词在原文的位置，可以定位到文章最后一段。根据Dr.Nieca Goldberg所说，“...says Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to...”——列文的发现是个伟大的开始。但这一研究规模小，需要更多群体反复研究……，由此可知Dr.Nieca Goldberg建议进行更深入的研究，即选项Conducting further research。A选项利用这些发现和B选项采访参与研究的人员都属于无中生有，D选项阐明研究的目的也不是他说的重点。

总的来说，要在阅读理解中获取高分就要掌握推理判断题的解题技巧，考生需要遵循“KFC一划二找三对照”三步法确定题干关键词，找到关键词在原文的位置并定位答案的具体信息，最后根据定位信息比较各选项答案，锁定正确答案。在此过程中考生不可根据主观臆测，也不可望文生义，需要在平时对于词汇、语法和长难句结构的积累基础之上，对文本进行准确的理解、判断和推理，不得不说这也是提升考生的语言理解能力，整合、概括和推理等高阶思维能力的过程。

责任编辑吴昊雷