基于英语小说简写本阅读的以读促写教学实践探究
2023-05-30王开欣
摘 要:读后续写要求学生能根据所给原文续写出情节合理、语言地道的文章,从而有效考查学生的语篇理解能力和综合语言运用能力。笔者在日常英语教学中尝试开展基于英语经典小说简写本的阅读活动以实现以读促写。本文基于具体案例,从三个层面探究如何通过阅读小说简写本提升学生的读后续写能力。
关键词:高中英语;小说简写本;读后续写;以读促写
引言
写作是学生语言表达能力和思维能力的综合体现。读后续写活动可以有效检测学生的语篇理解能力和综合语言运用能力,促进学生英语学科素养的提升。然而,要想有效提高学生的读后续写水平,一味加强训练是远远不够的,提供大量的可理解性语言输入也至关重要。根据笔者的观察,学生在日常写作中经常出现语法混乱、语言匮乏、词不达意、内容平淡、流于表面等问题。这在很大程度上与高中英语教学中阅读与写作的割裂有关。
阅读与写作是二语习得中重要的信息输入和输出途径。学习者语言素养的提高依赖于阅读能力的培养,语言思维和表达能力的高低的界定则依托写作得以衡量(王笃勤,2002)。学生若不能从阅读中有效地提取和积累语言,自然也就不能灵活熟练地将其应用到写作中去。而在广博的阅读材料中,英语经典文学作品是人类精神文化的瑰宝,其语言生动地道、充满想象力,是语言使用的典范和优秀的语言学习资源。因此,将英语文学阅读引入写作教学尤为重要,有助于学生在真实语境中理解、模仿和习得优美的语言,达到以读促写的目的。
基于英语小说简写本的以读促写教学实践
下文以《典范英语10》中的三本简写本小说为例,从三个层面探究如何通过阅读小说简写本提高学生的读后续写质量。
1. 小说情节与主旨层面
在读后续写训练的初期,由于学生对这类活动的要求还不甚熟悉,容易出现情节安排过于自由、缺少逻辑的现象。例如,学生忽视对原文中主要人物性格特点的分析,导致续写的情节与原文中的人物形象不符;在阅读原文时忽视对文章主旨的揣摩,仅根据自己的喜好天马行空,导致续写部分的主题与原文脱节。下面,笔者以《典范英语10》中《白牙》一书的读写教学为例进行说明。
(1)借助小说情节,深入分析人物
《白牙》主要讲述了一名叫白牙的幼狼从荒野进入人类文明世界的故事。白牙诞生于荒野中,前后经历了三个主人,弱肉强食的生存环境和主人的折磨对它的身心造成了极大的摧残。直到遇见新主人威登·斯考特,他仁慈的爱使得白牙从凶残的野兽变为忠实的宠物,完成了由“狼”到“狗”的转变。在白牙的早期成长经历中,它的母亲(she-wolf)起到至关重要的作用,小说中母狼的形象十分生动和丰满。
为了引导学生基于小说情节分析人物性格特征,笔者在课堂上让学生找出小说前四章中涉及母狼的情节仔细阅读,然后进行小组讨论,从多个方面深入分析母狼的性格特點,并分别用原文中的依据(evidence)来支撑自己的观点。经过讨论,学生对母狼形象进行了较为全面的分析,例如,从母狼对白牙细心的呵护与照顾(motherly love)中可以看到它充满母爱与关怀(loving and caring)的一面;从它为了幼崽的安全奋力与猞猁搏斗中可以看到它勇敢无畏、意志顽强(fearless and iron-willed)的一面;从它智斗猞猁、最终打败对手中可以看到它聪明和狡猾(clever and cunning)的一面等。
这一活动不仅能发展学生基于事件、动作和语言等分析人物性格特征的能力,而且有助于学生通过揣摩原文中的人物性格对角色进行进一步的描写与刻画,续写出富有逻辑且与前文紧密相连的情节。
(2)推测小说主旨,合理续写故事
小说主旨(underlying theme)是小说的灵魂所在,小说的主要人物行为和情节走向都是为主旨服务的。学生在读后续写时要根据给出的前文推测文章主旨,据此合理构思续写部分的情节,并在结尾处适当升华主题。然而,不少学生误以为小说的结尾和主题是完全开放的,情节的安排和走向是可以根据个人想法随意变更的,最终导致续写作文离题。
因此,为了培养学生根据已有情节合理推测小说主旨的能力,笔者在阅读教学进入尾声之际,让学生基于已经学过的文本合理提炼小说主旨并给出相应的理由。经过小组讨论与交流,学生探讨出一系列不同的主旨。例如,有学生指出白牙在斯考特的关爱和感化下被驯服,逐渐褪去身上野蛮凶残的一面,重新恢复善良与温暖,由此可见爱的强大治愈力量;有学生认为小说通过对比白牙的三个主人对待它的不同方式,表达了人与动物和谐相处的重要性;还有学生着眼于白牙前后的性格变化,推测小说的主旨是环境和经历能极大地影响和塑造人物性格。学生分析和归纳的主旨虽各有侧重,但都紧紧围绕小说情节,理由充分、论据翔实,说明学生已基本具备基于已有情节合理推测文章主旨的能力。
笔者在此基础上巧用小说最后一章,将其改编为一个读后续写活动,让学生在没有阅读本章的前提下合理推测白牙与主人的最终结局,在完成续写后再与小说的原结尾进行比对,反思自己构思的情节,并与原文进行对比。结果表明,绝大部分学生构思的结局都与小说原文的主旨相符,情节安排也与原文殊途同归。由此可见该活动有助于引导学生根据前文仔细体会文章主旨,合理预测与构思后文情节。
2. 语言积累和运用层面
书面表达能力的提高源于语言学习和模仿。教师要让学生明白,创造新内容过程中的语言模仿不是剽窃(王初明,2015),而是将学习到的词汇或语言结构创造性地运用于自己的写作,内化为自己的语言。而在实际的教学过程中,尽管教师积极引导和督促学生积累小说中的好词好句,为语言模仿提供范例,但由于按照章节摘录的词汇和表达常常缺乏整合、过于零散,且输入与输出之间存在断层,因此学生在实际写作中很难快速提取所需语言,或是无法准确运用语言。接下来,笔者以《典范英语10》中《秘密花园》的读写教学为例进行说明。
(1)分类归纳优质语言
在阅读《秘密花园》的过程中,笔者积极指导学生分类归纳与整理小说中的优质语言,例如让学生分别找出书中关于“说”“走”“发怒”的表达,以及描述面部表情和心理感受的表达等。以下是学生分类归纳的部分实例。
●Verbs that have the same meaning as “say”:
P15: “It has to be,” she whispered to herself.
…
●Verbs that have the same meaning as “walk”:
P18: She skipped along the paths leading to the________________kitchen garden.
P34: Mary almost galloped out of the room.
P35: She tiptoed out of bed and opened her door.
…
●Expressions about showing ones anger:
P27: fly into a rage
P31: Mrs. Medlock stormed in, the usual scowl nailed to her face.
P38: stare at sb. crossly
…
●Expressions that describe ones facial expressions: _______________and feelings
P6: Mary just stared out of the window and scowled.
P7: feel ones spirits sink even lower
P67: Colin flopped back down in his chair with a proud grin on his face.
…
(2)完成話题式写作任务
要想引导学生灵活运用所学表达,教师必须督促学生多写、多练,同时围绕某一特定主题下的相关语言设置话题式写作任务,为学生搭建好语言支架,降低写作难度,让学生在有语言范例参考的前提下进行情境式仿写,实实在在地运用所学语言。
在教学中,笔者让学生找出专门描写花园的词汇和句子,目的是让学生自主地将小说中描写“花园”这一场景的话题语言进行有效的整合与积累,以便在之后的写作中进行恰当运用。以下是学生摘录的部分描写“花园”的句子:
●P13: There was a large pool with a fountain in the middle. But the flowerbeds were bare and wintry and the fountain was not working. … Instead the ivy grew wild here, trailing like a waterfall down to the ground.
●P23: Rose trees had taken over the garden. They had climbed over urns and arbors and other trees, spreading thorny tendrils across to each other, as if holding hands. The branches were either grey or brown. … She was amazed to find tiny green shoots beneath the dead vegetation.
●P62: The plum tree was about to burst with white blossom and it formed a canopy under which Colin sat in wonder.
●P75: The place was a feast of autumn yellow and purple, and flaming scarlet. Late roses climbed and hung and clustered. The afternoon sun shone down on the leaves and made everything appear like a temple of gold.
…
随后,笔者布置了一项话题式写作任务,让学生参考和借鉴以上语言,写一篇短文描述一个曾经去过或想象中的花园或公园。笔者发现,绝大多数学生都能或多或少地运用小说中的语言,并在写作时融入个人的思考和想象,在模仿的基础上进行创造。以下是一篇优秀范文,画线处参考了小说中的表达。
I still remember the first time I stepped into this garden. That bare flowerbed, that dry pool. Everything was overgrown at that time. Moss and mushrooms took over the place. The branches were all either grey or brown. It was spring, but the garden was a wintry kingdom.
But now everything is totally different. The place is a feast of bright red, pink and yellow. Tiny white flowers scatter in the grass like stars. The breeze makes little waves on the sea of spring flowers. The scent of flowers fulfilled his heart. A magpie slides through the air, landing on the top branches on a plum tree. Its like heaven here.
3. 语篇句式与衔接层面
为了检验以上两个层面教学实践的有效性,笔者收集了学生在一次大型考试中的读后续写答题作文并仔细分析,以下为其中一篇较有代表性的作文示例(语法错误未修改)。
Sam arrived early the next morning. It was so early that Roland was still sleeping. Mrs. Proudfoot woke him up gently. Roland was sleepy and didnt even want to move. It was a difficult work to get Roland ready to get outdoor. Roland was lazy and walked slower than any other dog. Suddenly, Sams best friend, Barry poped out, walking a beautiful dog. Roland troted forward and sniffed the dog. The two dogs became friends quickly. The following days, Roland would dash out as soon as Sam called him to walk, wagging his tail excitedly.
A month later, Mrs. Proudfoot was delighted to find Roland fit and energetic. She gave Sam 120 dollars and said: “I trust you, and I hope you could walk my dog for another month.” Sam was so happy for his best friend wont be dismissed from final exams. He visit Mrs. Proudfoot regularly and she wasnt lonely anymore.
经观察,该学生在情节的逻辑性、用词的准确度和语言的丰富性上都较之前有所提升。但文章通篇都以单一的简单句为主,句式的复杂度严重不足,读起来平铺直叙、十分枯燥。此外,该学生还不能灵活地运用衔接词,导致文章语句之间常常出现断层,缺少连贯性,再加上时不时出现的语法错误,作文的可读性就大大降低了。
下面笔者以《典范英语10》中《黑骏马》一书的读写教学为例进行说明。
(1)加强语法手段指导
学生的作文之所以写得像流水账,很大程度上是因为句式复杂度不够,没有使用恰当的语法手段来“装点”语句。经研讨,笔者总结出以下八种常见的语法现象:非谓语动词、独立主格结构、with结构、非限制性定语从句、状语从句、倒装句、It句型、虚拟语气。首先,笔者分别对这八种语法现象进行详细讲解,然后让学生完成相应的巩固练习,如用括号内单词的正确形式填空等。在学生掌握了相应的语法知识后,笔者布置学习任务,让学生在小说《黑骏马》中找出运用典型语法现象的句子,并分别注明具体运用了哪种表达。以下是学生找出的一部分典型句子。
●As I stepped onto the bridge I knew something was wrong and I stopped dead. (Chapter 3) 状语从句
●Little did I know then how badly I would suffer without… (Chapter 5) 倒装句
●Each night, after work, I returned to my stable feeling sore, worn out and very depressed. (Chapter 7) 非谓语动词
●It was not until around midnight that help finally came. (Chapter 9) It 句型
●It was a while before my owner found out and by then I had become ill from lack of good food. (Chapter 10) It句型
●He decided not to keep a horse any more, and once my feet were better I was sold once again. (Chapter 10) 狀语从句
●“Suit yourself,” said Mr. Briggs crossly, storming off. (Chapter 11) 非谓语动词
●If her owners had been kinder she would never have suffered so badly. (Chapter 12) 虚拟语气
●The drayman, whose cart it was, was later charged with drunken driving. (Chapter 14) 非限制性定语从句
●Life became so awful that, like Ginger, I wished I could drop down dead to be out of my misery. (Chapter 15) 虚拟语气
●Grandfather looked me over, gently peering inside my mouth and feeling down my legs. (Chapter 16) 非谓语动词
该教学活动的目标是增强学生对各类常见语法现象的辨识度,体会到语法现象的恰当运用对于提升句式复杂度和多样性的作用,从而有意识地在自己的写作中加以运用,写出更加地道、丰富、精彩的语言。
(2)重视衔接词指导
要使文章的情节和脉络更加清晰,语言的连贯性是必不可少的。这就要求教师指导学生在作文中使用恰当的衔接词,如表示先后的and、then、before、after、afterwards、at first、at last、in the end、finally等,表示转折的but、however、yet、although、unless、nevertheless等;表示对比或选择的while、rather than、whereas、in contrast、on the contrary、on the other hand、whether… or、either… or、otherwise、instead of等;表示因果的so、therefore、because、since、thus、hence、so… that、consequently、accordingly等;表示并列的and、both… and、neither… nor、not only… but also、as well as、moreover、furthermore、besides、in addition等;表示条件的if、unless、supposing (that)、provided / providing (that)、only if、in case (that)、in the event (that)、so / as long as、on condition that、assuming (that)等。
笔者布置学习任务,引导学生在《黑骏马》中找出运用衔接词使前后文更加连贯的典型句子并判断具体是哪一类衔接词,从而促进学生有意识地运用恰当的衔接词,使文章语意连贯。以下是学生找出的一部分典型句子。
●Being broken in had come as a great shock to me… Shortly after this I was in for another shock. (Chapter 2)
●At last we reached our destination, but the squires business took ages. (Chapter 3)
●I took the ditch with a huge leap and made it safely to the other side. But what a sad sight met me! (Chapter 8)
●But I couldnt keep it up and suddenly I stumbled and fell on my knees. Reuben flew to the ground. He landed heavily, groaned once and then fell silent. I felt like groaning too but I managed to struggle up. (Chapter 9)
●Money was very tight after that because Mr. Briggs stopped using Jerry altogether. But Polly said, “It will all work out in the end.” (Chapter 11)
●At first I hardly knew what to do with myself! Should I eat the grass, roll on my back, gallop as fast as I could or lie down and rest? In the end I did everything and it was the best time Id had in ages. (Chapter 11)
結语
作为语言输入和输出的重要环节,读与写密不可分、相辅相成。综上所述,教师可以着眼于小说简写本的不同层面,在不同阶段调整教学侧重点,由浅入深地提升学生的读后续写水平。在阅读和学习小说的过程中,学生能够习得许多优质的语言表达,为自己的文章添砖加瓦。与此同时,学生的阅读和写作兴趣也在这一过程中得以培养。教师应该引导学生在课内外阅读更多生动有趣、语言丰富和富有表现力的作品,努力探索新的教学方式,让学习真实发生。
参考文献
王初明. 2015. 读后续写何以有效促学[J]. 外语教学与研究, (5): 753—762
王笃勤. 2002. 英语教学策略论[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.
王开欣
浙江省宁波市效实中学英语教师,中学二级教师。