基于分子探针设计思路的川楝素衍生物的合成研究*
2022-11-24曾发古
曾发古,苏 倩
(1.广东医科大学药学院,广东 东莞 523808;2.中山大学附属第七医院药学部,广东 深圳 518107)
楝科植物的柠檬苦素类化合物具有独特的高氧化度和骨架类型多变性,一直是国内外研究的热点[1]。川楝素是楝科植物苦楝的代表性化学成分,其含量丰富且容易获得[2-3]。该类化合物的细胞毒活性已有报道[4],机制研究显示它们能诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡[5]。虽然川楝素的抗肿瘤效果明显,但因缺乏足够的作用靶点研究,限制了川楝素的进一步应用。基于分子探针的设计思路,期望能够在天然的川楝素结构中连接上对靶点蛋白有亲和作用的生物素,需要对川楝素结构进行修饰,如寻找到活性合适连接生物素的位点。因此,本文对苦楝中川楝素进行结构修饰,丰富此类柠檬苦素类的结构类型,开展详尽的构效关系研究,为后续分子探针设计研究作用靶点提供稳定的物质基础。
1 实验部分
1.1 原料、试剂和仪器设备
1)川楝素(TSN,自制,纯度99.5%),所有合成用溶剂均为分析纯。无水DMF 和DMSO用无水MgSO4干燥后减压蒸馏得到,保存于分子筛中备用。吡啶、三乙胺等有机碱使用前蒸馏纯化。其他试剂购自上海达瑞化学试剂公司、百灵威等试剂公司。除非特别说明,这些试剂都未经处理就直接使用。
2)所有反应均在N2气体保护下进行,并用TLC 跟踪监测。常规后处理步骤是将反应体系用水稀释,用特定有机溶剂萃取3 次。合并的有机相依次用水、饱和食盐水洗涤。有机相用无水Na2SO4或无水MgSO4干燥后用旋转蒸发仪除去溶剂,得到反应粗产品。
3)1D和2D NMR用BRUKER AM-400型核磁共振仪测定(TMS为内标);EI和高分辨EI-MS数据用Waters Autospec Premier P776型质谱仪测定;正向层析硅胶(200~300目,300~400目)为青岛海洋化工生产。
4)显色剂为:5%硫酸乙醇溶液、8%磷钼酸乙醇溶液。
1.2 川楝素衍生物的合成路线
化合物1~6合成路线、试剂以及反应条件如图1所示。
图1 化合物合成路线
试剂与反应条件为:a)Propionic Anhydride,NaOAc,dry actone,59 ℃,reflux,12 h; b)Succinic anhydride,NaOAc,dry actone,59 ℃,reflux,12h; c)Chloroacetic anhydride,NaOAc,dry actone,59℃,reflux,12 h; d)Iodoacetic acid,DCC,EA,rt,2 h,filter; NaOAc,dry actone,59℃,reflux,12 h; e)4-Pentynoic acid,DCC,EA,rt,2 h,filter; NaOAc,dry actone,59 ℃,reflux,12 h; f)5-Hexynoic acid,DCC,EA,rt,2 h,filter; NaOAc,dry actone,59 ℃,reflux,12 h。
2 化合物的制备及波谱数据
2.1 化合物1的制备
化合物TSN(143.5 mg,0.25 nmol)溶于干燥的丙酮中(10 mL),N2保护下加入丙酸酐(32.5 mg,0.25 mmol)、无水醋酸钠(36.9 mg,0.45 mmol),在59 ℃下回流搅拌12 h,TLC跟踪检测原料消失后,停止搅拌。过滤,滤液减压蒸干,并用乙酸乙酯萃取三次(3 × 25 mL),用饱含食盐水洗涤2 次(2 × 10 mL),合并有机相,并用无水硫酸钠干燥,浓缩得残余物,经硅胶柱层析后得到化合物1。白色粉末,ESI-MSm/z653[M + Na]+(C33H42O12);1H-NMR(400 MHz,in CDCl3)δH: 7.34(1H,s,H-23),7.15(1H,s,H-21),6.13(1H,s,H-22),5.82(1H,s,H-29),5.33(1H,d,J=3.0 Hz,H-3),5.21(1H,d,J=4.0Hz,H-12),4.68(1H,s,H-9),4.30(1H,d,J=12.5 Hz,H-19a),4.22(1H,d,J=12.0 Hz,H-19b),3.81(1H,m,H-7),3.56(1H,m,H-1),3.36(1H,s,H-15),3.15(1H,t,J=11.0 Hz,17-H),2.70(1H,dt,J=3.0 Hz,14.0 Hz,2-Ha),2.88(1H,dt,J=3.0 Hz,14.0 Hz,H-5),2.76(2H,d,J=10.0 Hz,H-16a),2,11(3H,s,OAc-3),2.09(1H,m,H-2b),1.97(3H,s,OAc-12),1.97(1H,m,H-2a),1.90(1H,d,J=10.0 Hz,H-16b),1.70(1H,m,2b),1.35(3H,s,CH3-18),1.13(3H,s,CH3-30),0.86(3H,s,CH3-28);13C-NMR(100 MHz,in CDCl3)δC: 208.3(C-11,s),172.6(OAc-12,s),169.6(OAc-3,s),168.8(C-1′,s),141.8(C-21,d),140.6(C-23,d),122.6(C-20,s),110.9(C-22,d),93.5(C-29,d),77.8(C-12,d),73.6(C-3,d),72.6(C-14,s),70.5(C-1,d),70.2(C-7,d),64.7(C-19,t),58.5(C-15,d),48.8(C-9,d),45.4(C-13,s),42.6(C-8,s),41.6(C-10,s),39.6(C-4,s),38.5(C-17,d),35.2(C-2,t),33.6(C-16,t),28.0(C-5,d),27.6(C-6,t),25.7(C-2′,t),22.7(OAc-3,q),21.5(OAc-12,q),20.6(C-18,q),19.2(C-30,q),15.7(C-28,q),8.7(C-3′,q)。
2.2 化合物2的制备
化合物TSN(143.5 mg,0.25 nmol)溶于干燥的丙酮中(10 mL),N2保护下加入丁二酸酐(32.5 mg,0.25 mmol)、无水醋酸钠(36.9 mg,0.45 mmol),在59 ℃下回流搅拌12 h,TLC点板检测原料消失后,停止搅拌。过滤,滤液减压蒸干。溶解在30 mL乙酸乙酯中,用3%的Na2CO3洗涤三次(3 × 10 mL),萃取合并水层。水层加入1 mol/L的HCl调成中性,用乙酸乙酯萃取三次(50 mL × 3),用饱含食盐水洗涤2 次(2 × 10 mL),合并有机相,并用无水硫酸钠干燥,减压浓缩得残余物,经硅胶柱层析得到化合2。白色无定型粉末,ESI-MSm/z697[M + Na]+(C34H42O14);1H-NMR(400 MHz,in CDCl3)δH: 7.33(1H,s,H-23),7.26(1H,s,H-21),6.14(1H,s,H-22),5.87(1H,s,H-29),5.34(1H,d,J=2.4 Hz,H-3),5.20(1H,d,J=4.2 Hz,H-12),4.89/4.79(1H,s,H-29),4.70(1H,s,H-9),4.32(1H,d,J=12.6 Hz,H-19a),4.24(1H,d,J=12.6 Hz,H-19b),4.11(2H,s,H-2′),3.80(1H,m,H-7),3.67(2H,m,2′-H),3.58(1H,m,H-1),3.37(1H,s,H-15),3.15(1H,t,J=11.0 Hz,17-H),2.75(1H,dt,J=2.0 Hz,15.8 Hz,2-Ha),2.88(1H,dt,J=3.1 Hz,14.0 Hz,H-5),2.7 3(2H,d,J=10.5 Hz,H-16a),2,10(3H,s,OAc-3),2.09(1H,m,H-2b),1.98(3H,s,OAc-12),1.97(1H,m,H-2a),1.90(1H,d,J=11.2 Hz,H-16b),1.73(1H,m,2b-H),1.30(3H,s,CH3-18),1.16(3H,s,CH3-30),0.86(3H,s,CH3-28);13C-NMR(100 MHz,in CDCl3)δC: 206.8(C-11,s),170.5(OAc-12,s),169.9(OAc-3,s),166.3(C-1′,s),142.4(C-21,d),140.6(C-23,d),122.4(C-20,s),111.8(C-22,d),96.4(C-29,d),78.6(C-12,d),73.2(C-3,d),71.9(C-14,s),70.2(C-1,d),69.8(C-7,d),64.9(C-19,t),58.4(C-15,d),48.4(C-9,d),45.9(C-13,s),42.5(C-8,s),41.3(C-10,s),40.8(C-4,s),39.4(C-2′,s),38.5(C-17,d),34.8(C-2,t),33.5(C-16,t),27.7(C-5,d),25.9(C-6,t),22.1(OAc-3,q),21.4(OAc-12,q),20.7(C-18,q),19.6(C-30,q),15.7(C-28,q)。
2.3 化合物3的制备
化合物TSN(143.5 mg,0.25n mol)溶于干燥的丙酮中(10 mL),N2保护下加入氯乙酸酐(42.7 mg,0.25 mmol)、无水醋酸钠(36.9 mg,0.45 mmol),在59 ℃下回流搅拌12 h,TLC点板检测原料消失后,停止搅拌。过滤,滤液减压蒸干,并用乙酸乙酯萃取三次(3 × 25 mL),用饱和食盐水洗涤2 次(2 × 10 mL),合并有机相,并用无水硫酸钠干燥,减压浓缩得残余物,经硅胶柱层析得到化合3。白色无定型粉末,ESI-MSm/z653[M + Na]+(C32H39ClO12);1H-NMR(400 MHz,in CDCl3)δH: 7.33(1H,s,H-23),7.26(1H,s,H-21),6.14(1H,s,H-22),5.87(1H,s,H-29),5.34(1H,d,J=2.4 Hz,H-3),5.20(1H,d,J=4.2 Hz,H-12),4.89/4.79(1H,s,H-29),4.70(1H,s,H-9),4.32(1H,d,J=12.6 Hz,H-19a),4.24(1H,d,J=12.6 Hz,H-19b),4.11(2H,s,H-2′),3.80(1H,m,H-7),3.67(2H,m,2-H′),3.58(1H,m,H-1),3.37(1H,s,H-15),3.15(1H,t,J=11.0 Hz,17-H),2.75(1H,dt,J=2.0 Hz,15.8 Hz,2-Ha),2.88(1H,dt,J=3.1 Hz,14.0 Hz,H-5),2.73(2H,d,J=10.5 Hz,H-16a),2,10(3H,s,OAc-3),2.09(1H,m,H-2b),1.98(3H,s,OAc-12),1.97(1H,m,H-2a),1.90(1H,d,J=11.2 Hz,H-16b),1.7 3(1H,m,2b),1.30(3H,s,CH3-18),1.16(3H,s,CH3-30),0.86(3H,s,CH3-28);13C-NMR(100 MHz,in CDCl3)δC: 206.8(C-11,s),170.5(OAc-12,s),169.9(OAc-3,s),166.3(C-1′,s),142.4(C-21,d),140.6(C-23,d),122.4(C-20,s),111.8(C-22,d),96.4(C-29,d),78.6(C-12,d),73.2(C-3,d),71.9(C-14,s),70.2(C-1,d),69.8(C-7,d),64.9(C-19,t),58.4(C-15,d),48.4(C-9,d),45.9(C-13,s),42.5(C-8,s),41.3(C-10,s),40.8(C-4,s),39.4(C-2′,s),38.5(C-17,d),34.8(C-2,t),33.5(C-16,t),27.7(C-5,d),25.9(C-6,t),22.1(OAc-3,q),21.4(OAc-12,q),20.7(C-18,q),19.6(C-30,q),15.7(C-28,q)。
2.4 化合物4的制备
称取碘乙酸(186 mg,1.0 mmol)加入到无水乙酸乙酯(4 mL),室温搅拌,5 min后,加入DCC(103 mg,0.5 mmol),继续室温搅拌1 h。1 h后,过滤浓缩滤液,得到备用。化合物TSN(287 mg,0.5 nmol)加入备用品中,加入干燥的丙酮中(20 mL),N2保护下,加入无水醋酸钠(73.8 mg,0.9 mmol),最后在59℃下回流搅拌12 h,TLC点板检测原料消失后,停止搅拌。过滤,滤液减压蒸干,并用乙酸乙酯萃取三次(3 × 50 mL),用饱和食盐水洗涤2 次(2 × 20 mL),合并有机相,并用无水硫酸钠干燥,减压浓缩得残余物,经硅胶柱层析得到化合4。白色无定型粉末,ESI-MSm/z765[M + Na]+(C32H39IO12);1H-NMR(400 MHz,in CDCl3)δH: 7.34(1H,s,H-23),7.27(1H,s,H-21),6.15(1H,s,H-22),5.81(1H,s,H-29),5.28(1H,d,J=2.5Hz,H-3),5.23(1H,d,J=4.0 Hz,H-12),4.84(1H,s,H-9),4.30(1H,d,J=12.0 Hz,H-19a),4.26(1H,d,J=12.2 Hz,H-19b),3.84(1H,m,H-7),3.78(1H,m,H-1),3.71(2H,m,H-2′),3.31(1H,s,H-15),2.98(1H,t,J =12.8 Hz,17-H),2.86(1H,dt,J=2.0 Hz,15.8 Hz,2-Ha),2.84(1H,dt,J=3.0 Hz,14.0 Hz,H-5),2.74(2H,d,J=10.5 Hz,H-16a),2,10(3H,s,OAc-3),2.09(1H,m,H-2b),1.98(3H,s,OAc-12),1.97(1H,m,H-2a),1.90(1H,d,J=11.2 Hz,H-16b),1.71(1H,m,2b),1.30(3H,s,CH3-18),1.15(3H,s,CH3-30),0.83(3H,s,CH3-28);13C-NMR(100 MHz,in CDCl3)δC: 206.9(C-11,s),170.6(OAc-12,s),170.1(OAc-3,s),166.7(C-1′,s),142.7(C-21,d),140.9(C-23,d),122.6(C-20,s),112.1(C-22,d),96.0(C-29,d),78.8(C-12,d),73.6(C-3,d),72.1(C-14,s),70.8(C-1,d),70.2(C-7,d),65.0(C-19,t),58.6(C-15,d),48.6(C-9,d),46.0(C-13,s),42.7(C-8,s),41.5(C-10,s),39.8(C-4,s),38.5(C-17,d),35.2(C-2,t),33.5(C-16,t),27.9(C-5,d),25.6(C-6,t),22.3(OAc-3,q),21.6(OAc-12,q),20.7(C-18,q),19.6(C-30,q),15.9(C-28,q),-6.9(C-2′,t)。
2.5 化合物5制备
称取己炔酸(98 mg,1.0 mmol)加入到无水乙酸乙酯(4 mL),室温搅拌,5 min后,加入DCC(103 mg,0.5 mmol)后,继续室温搅拌1 h。1 h后,过滤浓缩滤液,得到备用。化合物TSN(287 mg,0.5 nmol)加入备用品中,加入干燥的丙酮中(20 mL),N2保护下,加入无水醋酸钠(73.8 mg,0.9mmol),最后在59 ℃下回流搅拌12 h,TLC点板检测原料消失后,停止搅拌。过滤,滤液减压蒸干,并用乙酸乙酯萃取三次(3 × 50 mL),用饱和食盐水洗涤2 次(2 × 20 mL),合并有机相,并用无水硫酸钠干燥,减压浓缩得残余物,经硅胶柱层析得到化合5。ESI-MSm/z677[M + Na]+(C35H42O12);1H-NMR(400 MHz,in CDCl3)δH: 7.3(1H,sH-23),7.26(1H,s,H-21),6.12(1H,s,H-22),5.8(1H,s,H-29),5.23(1H,s,H-3),5.22(1H,s,H-12),4.58(1H,s,H-9),4.31(1H,d,J=12.0 Hz,H-19a),4.26(1H,d,J=11.8 Hz,H-19b),3.84(1H,m,H-7),3.78(1H,m,H-1),3.31(1H,s,H-15),2.98(1H,t,J=12.8 Hz,17-H),2.86(1H,dt,J=2.0 Hz,15.8 Hz,2-Ha),2.84(1H,dt,J=3.0 Hz,14.0 Hz,H-5),2.93(1H,m,H-5′),2.74(2H,d,J=10.6 Hz,H-16a),2.50(2H,m,H-2′),2.47(2H,m,H-2′),2,10(3H,s,OAc-3),2.09(1H,m,H-2b),1.98(3H,s,OAc-12),1.97(1H,m,H-2a),1.90(1H,d,J=11.0 Hz,H-16b),1.86(1H,m,2b),1.29(3H,s,CH3-18),1.13(3H,s,CH3-30),0.82(3H,s,CH3-28);13C-NMR(100 MHz,in CDCl3)δC: 206.8(C-11,s),170.7(OAc-12,s)170.6(OAc-3,s),169.9(C-1′,s),142.4(C-21,d),140.7(C-23,d),122.5(C-20,s),111.9(C-22,d),95.0(C-29,d),82.3(C-4′,s),78.7(C-12,d),73.6(C-3,d),72.0(C-14,s),70.3(C-1,d),70.1(C-5′,s),69.6(C-7,d),64.7(C-19,t),58.5(C-15,d),48.5(C-9,d),46.0(C-13,s),42.6(C-8,s),41.5(C-10,s),39.3(C-4,s),38.4(C-17,d),35.0(C-2,t),33.5(C-2′,d),33.0(C-16,t),28.0(C-5,d),25.4(C-6,t),22.1(OAc-3,q),21.6(OAc-12,q),20.7(C-18,q),19.6(C-30,q),15.3(C-28,q),14.7(C-3′,t)。
2.6 化合6制备
称取戊炔酸(112 mg,1.0 mmol)加入到无水乙酸乙酯(4 mL),室温搅拌,5 min后,加入DCC(103 mg,0.5 mmol)后,继续室温搅拌1 h。1 h后,过滤浓缩滤液,得到备用。化合物TSN(287 mg,0.5 nmol)加入备用品中,加入干燥的丙酮中(20 mL),N2保护下,加入无水醋酸钠(73.8 mg,0.9 mmol),最后在59℃下回流搅拌12 h,TLC点板检测原料消失后,停止搅拌。过滤,滤液减压蒸干,并用乙酸乙酯萃取三次(3 × 50 mL),用饱和食盐水洗涤2 次(2 × 20 mL),合并有机相,并用无水硫酸钠干燥,减压浓缩得残余物,经硅胶柱层析得到化合6。ESI-MSm/z691[M + Na]+(C36H44O12);1H-NMR(400 MHz,in CDCl3)δH: 7.31(1H,s,H-23),7.11(1H,s,H-21),6.12(1H,s,H-22),5.78(1H,s,H-29),5.28(1H,s,H-3),5.24(1H,s,H-12),4.59(1H,s,H-9),4.29(1H,d,J=11.8 Hz,H-19a),4.26(1H,d,J=11.8 Hz,H-19b),3.76(1H,m,H-7),3.64(1H,m,H-1),3.30(1H,s,H-15),2.98(1H,t,J=12.8 Hz,17-H),2.86(1H,dt,J=2.0 Hz,15.8 Hz,2-Ha),2.84(1H,dt,J=3.0 Hz,14.0 Hz,H-5),2.93(1H,m,H-6′),2.75(2H,d,J=10.6 Hz,H-16a),2.51(2H,m,H-2′),2.47(2H,m,H-3′),2.24(2H,m,H-4′),2.08(3H,s,OAc-3),1.98(1H,m,H-2b),1.97(3H,s,OAc-12),1.96(1H,m,H-2a),1.90(1H,d,J=12.0 Hz,H-16b),1.86(1H,m,2b-H),1.29(3H,s,CH3-18),1.13(3H,s,CH3-30),0.80(3H,s,CH3-28);13C-NMR(100 MHz,in CDCl3)δC: 206.8(C-11,s),171.9(OAc-12,s),170.5(OAc-3,s),170.0(C-1′,s),142.4(C-21,d),140.6(C-23,d),122.5(C-20,s),111.9(C-22,d),94.6(C-29,d),82.9(C-5′,s),78.7(C-12,d),73.6(C-3,d),72.0(C-14,s),70.2(C-1,d),69.5(C-6′,s),69.2(C-7,d),64.8(C-19,t),58.5(C-15,d),48.5(C-9,d),45.9(C-13,s),42.6(C-8,s),41.5(C-10,s),39.3(C-4,s),38.4(C-17,d),35.0(C-2,t),33.6(C-2′,d),32.8(C-16,t),28.0(C-5,d),25.4(C-6,t),23.5(C-3′,t),22.1(OAc-3,q),21.6(OAc-12,q),20.7(C-18,q),19.8(C-4′,t),19.6(C-30,q),15.3(C-28,q)。
3 结语
通过对苦楝中川楝素化合物进行结构修饰,可得到不同结构类型的川楝素衍生物。后续通过研究活性与结构的关系,期望选择合适的连接分子探针的位点,为研究川楝素药理作用靶点提供稳定的化合物来源。