Successful treatment of acute relapse of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia with benralizumab and without corticosteroids: A case report

lNTRODUCTlON

Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP) is an inflammatory lung disease, clinically characterized by isolated pulmonary involvement, with appearance of pulmonary eosinophilic infiltrates[1] that permeate the lungs, presenting symptoms include cough, fever and dyspnea[2]. Response to oral corticosteroids (OCS), the commonly administered treatment for CEP, is usually dramatic and rapid[3].However, in approximately 50% of the patients, CEP relapses under tapering of OCS, and thus longterm OCS administration is required[3]. Unfortunately, chronic OCS treatment has a proven increased risk for treatment-related adverse effects and complications, (

hypertension, diabetes mellitus,osteoporosis and infections)[4]. Therefore, the dire need to develop new treatments for patients with CEP, who are dependent on, or resistant to OCS has led to exploring novel therapies. Benralizumab, an IL-5Rα antagonist has demonstrated rapid anti-eosinophil action in patients with asthma. Successful treatment with benralizumab, was also recently reported in three patients with acute relapse of CEP[5-7]. We herein describe an additional patient with an acute relapse of CEP who was successfully treated with benralizumab alone, without corticosteroids.

CASE PRESENTATlON

Chief complaints

On July 26, 2020, a 31-year-old non-smoking healthy woman was evaluated in our hospital. She presented with a 3-wk history of shortness of breath, dry cough and fever up to 38.3 °C.

History of present illness

Two weeks prior to the presentation at our medical center, the patient was examined at a local emergency department for the same complaints, which had then appeared for one week. At that time, a chest X-ray showed infiltrates in the right upper and left lateral lung fields (Figure 1A). The laboratory examination revealed mild leukocytosis 11200 K/μL, eosinophilia 800 K/μL and an elevated level of serum C-reactive protein 45 mg/L. Nasopharyngeal swabs were negative for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). She was discharged home from the local hospital with recommendations for oral treatment with cefuroxime 500 mg and roxithromycin 150 mg, both twice daily for 7 days.

The patient was treated with hydrocortisone intravenously at a dosage of 100 mg three times per day,for 2 days, with rapid improvement of dyspnea and cough. The treatment was switched to oral prednisone, at a daily dosage of 40 mg, which was tapered down during the following 2 mo. On September 6, 2020, the patient was feeling well, eosinophilia had resolved, and pulmonary infiltrates no longer appeared on chest X-ray (Figures 1C and D).

History of past illness

社会心理学已经证实，当决策者行动时，常常会考虑他人的判断和行为，即使知道其他人是一种从众行为，理性的人也会参与其中并采取类似的行为。如果脱离了大多数，会让人产生不安全感，尤其是对自己缺乏自信的时候，这种心理效应会更加显著，即从众心理。

Physical examination

The patient's temperature was 37.3 °C, heart rate 97 beats per minute, respiratory rate 16 breaths per minute, blood pressure 103/71 mmHg and oxygen saturation in room air 97%. On the chest examination, crepitation was detected on the left lung base. The rest of the physical examination was unrevealing.

Laboratory examinations

Abnormal laboratory findings included leukocytosis 10240 K/μL and eosinophilia 900 K/μL. Results of other routine blood tests were normal. A screening panel was negative for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, including

specific immunoglobulin E and

serum precipitant. No antinuclear and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were detected. Serologic tests for

,

,

and

were negative.

Imaging examinations

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FlNAL DlAGNOSlS

Eosinophilic pneumonia was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, peripheral blood eosinophilia,peripheral lung consolidation on chest CT and prompt response to systemic glucocorticoid therapy.

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TREATMENT

2.1.1适用条件东北黑土区各种类型侵蚀沟均适用，特别适合来水量较大、沟道比降较大、沟道较深、侵蚀严重的发展型中型侵蚀沟。

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

On December 6, 2020, the patient was reevaluated, due to recurrence of dyspnea, cough and fever.Laboratory examination demonstrated blood eosinophilia 600 K/μL, white blood cells 8.8 k/micL and C-reactive protein 0.2 mg/dL. Chest X-ray revealed a new infiltrate in the right lower lobe of the frontal view (Figure 1E), which was clearer in the lateral view (Figure 1F). Acute relapse of CEP was diagnosed.We discussed with the patient treatment options, including the advantages and disadvantages of therapy with OCS

anti-interleukin-5 drug, benralizumab. It was decided to start (on December 7,2020) benralizumab subcutaneously, at a dosage of 30 mg monthly, without OCS. Following 2 wk, the patient reported significant improvement of the symptoms. One month after the first injection of benralizumab, eosinophils were zero and WBC 4 k/micL; CRP was not taken. Five weeks after the first injection, a chest X-ray was unrevealing (Figure 1G and H). Two months later, the patient received the second and third injections of benralizumab and demonstrated sustained clinical and radiographic remission of CEP.

DlSCUSSlON

To the best of our knowledge, we present the fourth recent report in the medical literature regarding rapid improvement of acute flare of CEP, following treatment with benralizumab, without OCS. In previous cases, benralizumab therapy was initiated after frequent, acute CEP relapses, or as an alternative after patient refusal to reinitiate OSC, due to treatment-related adverse effects. Isomoto

[5] described a 58-year-old woman with CEP and a history of refractory asthma. She had three flares of her concomitant disease in the preceding year, which necessitated OCS therapy. Only for the fourth flare, her treating physician initiated a different therapy, one injection of benralizumab, which induced remission of her asthma and CEP following 16 wk. Izumo

[6] described a 43-year-old healthy woman who presented with chronic cough. She was diagnosed with CEP and successfully treated with prednisolone. However, her symptoms worsened after prednisolone cessation. Following patient refusal to re-initiation of OCS, due to treatment-related adverse effects, benralizumab treatment was initiated.After 6 mo of benralizumab therapy, sustained remission of CEP was achieved. Yazawa

[7]described a 70-year-old woman with a history of bronchial asthma who had dyspnea and cough for one month, and was diagnosed with CEP. She refused OCS and therefore was treated with benralizumab,which resulted in resolution of symptoms, hypoxemia and lung infiltrates. Moreover, 12 mo benralizumab maintenance treatment without OCS, provided sustained remission of CEP.

No specific history of past illness was reported.

实验室安全管理制度建立后并没有得到及时更新修订，其中有些内容已经无法适应实验室较快的发展变化，甚至滞后于实验室的建设发展；一些实验室“一线”人员认为本部门没必要建立适用于自己的安全管理制度。这种想法大谬不然，单位的制度主要是针对各类实验室共性管理方面的规定，为促使实验室安全隐患更进一步降低，必须从自身实际出发制定适合本实验室的安全管理制度。

CONCLUSlON

For treatment of CEP, we maintain benralizumab can serve as a reasonable therapy choice for every patient and a good alternative for OCS.

CEP is an idiopathic lung disease that is characterized by isolated pulmonary involvement, with marked eosinophil accumulation in the pulmonary parenchyma[1,2]. Therefore, we maintain benralizumab is a reasonable therapy choice for every patient with CEP. Predominately, due to its dual mechanism of action, benralizumab a humanized monoclonal antibody, as an interleukin-5 receptor α(IL-5Rα) antagonist, neutralizes the pro-eosinophil functions of IL-5R, by binding to its α subunit and by binding to FcγRIIIa receptor expressed by natural killer cells, triggers apoptosis of eosinophils

antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity[8]. This therapy is especially important in patients with CEP, who present with specific clinical scenarios. As demonstrated, treatment with benralizumab may be beneficial for patients with frequent CEP relapses. Clearly, benralizumab could be the drug of choice in patients who demonstrate serious adverse effects following OCS therapy. Likewise, benralizumab therapy seems to be preferred in patients with comorbidities that are expected to be aggravated under OCS treatment.

FOOTNOTES

Izhakian S and Rosengarten D contributed to the acquisition and interpretation of the data;Pertzov B and Kramer MR contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content; all authors contributed to the drafting of the manuscript and approved the final version.

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Computed tomography (CT) of the chest (axial plain) showed a mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and pulmonary consolidations in the right upper and left lower lobes (Figure 1B).

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this work.

The authors have read the CARE Checklist (2016), and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CARE Checklist (2016).

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this manuscript and any accompanying images.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BYNC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is noncommercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

英国皇家海军将军舰的燃料由低燃烧值的煤炭改为高燃烧值的石油，提高了英国舰队的速度，增大了活动范围，燃料补充更加快捷，英国舰队也就更加牢固地掌握了制海权。而以煤炭燃料的德国舰队则受限于狭窄的范围之内，欲出不得。战争爆发时，英国主力舰队压倒了德国公海舰队。

Israel

Shimon Izhakian 0000-0003-1150-1057; Barak Pertzov 0000-0002-3077-3616; Dror Rosengarten 0000-0003-1754-5878; Mordechai R Kramer 0000-0003-2376-2393.

Wang JL (Online Science Editor)

Wang TQ

Ma YJ

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