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心肺超声在脓毒血症合并急性肾损伤中的运用

2022-06-12盛莉余苏姣吕华瑶

中国现代医生 2022年14期
关键词:急性肾损伤重症监护病房脓毒症

盛莉 余苏姣 吕华瑶

[摘要] 目的 探讨心肺超声在重症监护病房(ICU)脓毒症合并急性肾损伤中的运用。 方法 回顾性分析2017年12月至2021年6月入住杭州市第一人民医院ICU脓毒症合并急性肾损伤患者临床资料和心肺超声特征。根据临床结局,分为28 d病死组和28 d存活组,每组各32例,比较两组心肺超声参数:下腔静脉内径(IVC)、下腔静脉吸气塌陷率(IVC-CI)、左室内径(LVIDD)、每分钟输出量(CO)、肺动脉收缩压(PASP)、左室射血分数(EF)、二尖瓣E波速度和二尖瓣环舒张早期速度比值(E/e’)、双肺超声评分。应用logistic回归分析28 d病死影响的因素。运用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评价心肺超声参数预测28d病死的效能。 结果 与28 d存活组比较,28 d病死组IVC、PASP、E/e’、双肺超聲评分、肌红蛋白(MYO)明显升高,下腔静脉吸气塌陷率、CO、EF、平均动脉压(MAP)显著减低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,IVC、EF、PASP、双肺超声评分是脓毒血症合并急性肾损伤28 d病死的独立危险因素,其预测28 d病死ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.876、0.853、0.789、0.816。 结论 心肺超声能较好地评估脓毒血症合并急性肾损伤血流动力学,指导临床管理。

[关键词] 脓毒症;急性肾损伤;超声心动描述术;重症监护病房

[中图分类号] R459.5          [文献标识码] B          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2022)14-0115-05

Application of cardiopulmonary ultrasound in sepsis complicated with acute kidney injury

SHENG Li YU Sujiao LYU Huayao

1.Department Imaging Chengbei Branch, Hangzhou First People′s Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China;2.Department of Critical Medicine, Hangzhou First People′s Hospital, Hangzhou 310022,China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the application of cardiopulmonary ultrasound in the patients with sepsis complicated with acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit(ICU). Methods The clinical data and cardiopulmonary ultrasound characteristics of patients with sepsis complicated with acute kidney injury who were admitted to Hangzhou First People′s Hospital from December 2017 to June 2020 were restrospectively analyzed. According to the clinical outcome, they were divided into a 28-day death group and a 28-day survival group. There were 32 patients in each group. Cardiopulmonary ultrasound parameters, such as the inferior vena cava inner diameter (IVC),inferior vena cava inspiratory collapse rate, left ventricular diameter (LVIDD),output per minute (CO), left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP),ratio of mitral valve E wave velocity and mitral ring early diastolic velocity (E/e′), and bilaterial lung ultrasound score were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of 28-day death.The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary ultrasound parameters in predicting 28-day death. Results Compared with the 28-day survival group,the IVC,PASP,E/e′,bilateral lung ultrasound score, and myoglobin (MYO) in the 28-day death group were significantly increased, while the inspiratory collapse rate of the inferior vena cava, CO, EF, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly reduced. The differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in other ultrasound parameters such as LVIDD between the two groups(P>0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that IVC,EF,PASP,and bilaterial lung ultrasound scores were independent risk factors for 28-day death caused by sepsis complicated with acute kidney injury. The predicted area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 28-day death was 0.876,0.853,0.789, 0.816, respectively. Conclusion Cardiopulmonary ultrasound can better assess the hemodynamics of sepsis complicated with acute kidney injury and guide clinical management.IVC,EF,PASP,and bilateral lung ultrasound scores have a good evaluation value for the 28-day outcome of ICU sepsis complicated with acute kidney injury.

[Key words] Sepsis; Acute kidney injury; Echocardiography; Intensive care unit

急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)是重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)脓毒血症常见并发症,研究结果表明,脓毒症患者AKI的发生率约为50%,AKI合并脓毒症患者的死亡率远高于单纯脓毒症患者[1]。在AKI发生发展过程中,血流动力学紊乱是一个非常重要的加重或诱发因素。本研究通过回顾性研究心肺联合超聲评估脓毒症合并AKI血流动力学,探讨心肺超声在脓毒血症合并AKI中的临床管理作用和预测价值,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾2017年12月至2021年6月入住杭州市第一人民医院ICU脓毒症并发AKI患者的临床部分资料及心肺超声检查结果,依据存活天数分为28 d病死组和28 d存活组,每组各32例。纳入标准:①年龄>18岁;②按照《中国严重脓毒症/脓毒性休克治疗指南》[2]及最新的美国肾脏病基金会(KDIGO)标准[3]作为重症脓毒症诊断标准和AKI诊断参照。排除标准:①入ICU前存在慢性肾脏病(CKD)4~5期或已接受持续性肾脏替代治疗(RRT);②明确患有非感染因素所导致AKI,如肾移植术后、肾毒性药物、泌尿系梗阻、造影剂等使用引起的AKI者;③临床资料及超声检查项目不齐全者。28 d病死组中,男19例,女13例,平均年龄(76.3±5.53)岁,致脓毒血症合并AKI原因:重症肺炎16例(50.00%),胆道系统感染8例(25.00%),其他8例(25.00%)。28 d存活组中,男15例,女17例,平均年龄(75.2±4.91)岁,致脓毒血症合并AKI原因:重症肺炎18例(56.25%),胆道系统感染9例(28.12%),其他5例(15.63%)。两组入选患者的临床资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 方法

心肺超声使用床旁彩超机PHILIPS CX-50。两位超声医师主要研究方向均为重症超声。检查方法按照中国重症超声研究组尹万红等[4]编写的《重症超声临床应用技术规范》为床旁心肺超声操作标准。

1.3 观察指标

①患者临床资料:心率(heart rate,HR)、平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、24 h尿量、肌酐、肌红蛋白(myoglobin,MYO);②依据肺部超声评分方法获取双肺超声评分;③心脏超声参数:下腔静脉内径(inferior vena cava,IVC)和下腔静脉吸气塌陷率(inferior vena cava inspiratory collapse rate,IVC-CI)、左室舒张期内径(left ventricular diastolic diameter,LVIDD)、每分钟输出量(output per minute,CO)、左室射血分数(ejection fraction,EF)、肺动脉收缩压(pulmonary artery systolic pressure,PASP)、二尖瓣E波速度和二尖瓣环舒张早期速度比值(mitral e wave velocity and mitral annulus early diastolic velocity ratio,E/e’)。

1.4 统计学方法

使用SPSS 22.0 统计学软件对数据进行分析,正态分布计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组之间比较采用独立样本t检验,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;率的比较采用χ检验。以28 d病死组作为因变量,采用二分类单因素和多因素logistic回归分析筛选出28 d病死组的相关因素,采用ROC曲线分析心肺超声各参数预测28 d病死的效能,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 28 d病死组、28 d存活组临床资料和心肺参数比较

两组HR、24 h尿量、肌酐、LVIDD比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MAP、MYO、IVC、IVC-CI、CO、EF、PASP、E/e’、双肺超声评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。

2.2 预测28 d病死的危险因素

单因素logistic回归分析显示,MAP、MYO、IVC、IVC-CI、CO、EF、PASP、E/e’、PASP、双肺超声评分与28 d病死率有显著相关性(P<0.05)。对以上自变量做多因素logistic回归,结果显示IVC(OR=1.713,P=0.001)、EF(OR=1.065,P=0.048)、PASP(OR=1.314,P=0.003),双肺超声评分(OR=1.367,P=0.001)可作为预测脓毒血症合并AKI 28 d病死的危险因素。见表2。

2.3 心肺超声参数预测28 d病死的效能

使用ROC曲线检验结果显示,IVC、EF、PASP、双肺超声评分的AUC依次为0.876、0.853、0.789、0.816。见图1、表3。

3 讨论

脓毒症在重症监护病房具有极高的发病率和死亡率,已成为重症患者死亡的主要原因[5]。急性肾损伤通常以肾功能迅速下降为特征,急性肾损伤可由多种因素引起,包括药物使用、缺血/再灌注和感染[6-8]。近年来,急性肾损伤的发病率和死亡率不断上升,与其他原因相比,脓毒症使急性肾损伤的血流动力学更加不稳定;疾病严重程度越高,最终死亡率也显著增加。早期诊断和治疗的延误导致疾病的持续进展,持续的低灌注导致急性肾小管坏死,最终发展为不可逆转的损害,甚至患者死亡[9-11]。

本研究中,28 d病死組与28 d存活组MAP、MYO两组数值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),既往研究也发现[12]平均动脉压维持水平对重症监护病房感染性休克患者肾功能及肾血流指标影响较大。低血压(MAP<77 mmHg)作为AKI患者死亡风险因素的重要性提供了证据[13]。

近年来床旁重症超声特别是心肺联合超声在ICU中得到广泛运用,在心功能、评估容量状态、容量反应性、呼吸困难病因学分析等起着重要作用。IVC是一种高度顺应性血管,其大小和动力学随右心房(RAP)和中心静脉压(CVP)及血管内容量的变化而变化[14]。使用超声测量的IVC塌陷程度已被证明与成人和儿童患者的血管内容量密切相关[14-16]。与传统的体格检查相比,肺部超声是一种无创、易于使用的检测血管外肺水(EVLW)的技术[17]。它通过计算B线的数量(B线评分)来评估透析患者的容量状态[18]。肺部超声评分通过肺部超声评估肺通气状态,以分值体现其通气图像结果,并且肺部异常分布不会随体位而改变,相对于CT具有成本低廉、快捷、简便等优势[19]。

本研究显示,心肺超声在脓毒血症合并急性肾损伤中的价值,首先IVC、IVC-CI、PASP及双侧肺部超声评分28 d病死组明显增高,提示患者容量过负荷、右心负荷增加、血管外肺水明显增加。其次28 d病死组E/e’明显高于28 d存活组,EF、CO明显减低,表明28 d病死组存在更明显的心脏收缩和舒张功能减低。心脏和肺脏是体内循环的重要脏器,两者相互关联,E/e’反映左房压增高,左房压增高致使肺静脉压增高,进一步增加血管外肺水,导致双侧肺部超声评分明显高于28 d存活组。研究也表明E/e’作为反映左室舒张功能和左室舒张末压的重要指标,有助于评估肺损伤患者的预后[20]。

综上所述,脓毒血症合并AKI 28 d病死组心肺超声表现为心功能减低、容量过负荷、血管外肺水增多,对这类患者临床需要更精细的管理,避免容量进一步增多,损伤心功能,增加血管外肺水。如果患者不存在容量过负荷,可以适度补充容量,促进肾血流恢复。进一步的多因素logistic分析发现,IVC、EF、PASP、双肺超声评分对脓毒血症合并急性肾损伤有良好的预测效能。

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(收稿日期:2021-05-14)

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