定语从句

◎供稿：高 洁

考点详解

在复合句中修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。定语从句是中考必考考点之一，主要考查的是时态及宾语从句的语序，有时也会考查定语从句的引导词。其中，关系代词引导的定语从句最为常见，也是考试重点。考查的主要形式是单项填空、完形填空、短文填空和完成句子，阅读理解和书面表达中也会考查到定语从句。因此，我们要熟练掌握定语从句的用法。

一、关系代词引导的定语从句

1.定语从句的关系词

定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that、which、who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where、when、why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又是定语从句的重要成分。如：

2.定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去；非限制性定语从句的主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明的作用，从句若省去，意思仍完整。

3.关系代词的基本用法

作主语 作宾语 作定语指人 who/that who/whom/that/省略 whose指物 which/that which/that/省略

The man who/that spoke at the meeting is from Hong Kong.

会上发言的人来自香港。

The building which/that is being built will be used as a hospital.

在建的这幢建筑将用作医院。

I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the world.

我拜访了一位世界知名的科学家。

【典例】—I heard that Shao Yifu passed away.

—Yes, he is a great man ___________ donated billions of dollars to charity, schools and hospitals.

A. who B. whom C. which D. /

【答案】A

【解析】句意：——我听说邵逸夫去世了。——是的，他是一个伟大的人，捐赠了数十亿美元给慈善机构、学校和医院。这是一个定语从句，先行词是人，故用who/whom引导，在从句中作主语时用who，故选A。

【注意】

1. 当关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持主谓一致。

He is one of the boys who like playing basketball.

他是喜欢打篮球的男孩子之一。

He is the one of the boys who likes playing basketball.

他就是那个喜欢打篮球的男孩子。

2. 通常在以下七种情况下只能用that而不能用which。

（1）先行词为all、much、something、everything、nothing、little、none、the one等代词时。如：

That is all that I want to say.

那就是我想要说的。

（2）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或先行词本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时。如：

He was the first person that passed the exam.

他是第一个通过考试的人。

This is the most wonderful film that I have seen.

这是我看过的最精彩的电影。

（3）以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that。如：

Who is the girl that is crying?

正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？

（4）先行词被the only、the very、the same、the last、little、few等词修饰时。如：

Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.

史密斯先生是他唯一认识的外国人。

（5）先行词里同时含有人或物时。如：

We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.

我们访问过的老师和学校给我们留下了深刻的印象。

I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.

我能清楚记得我在那个房间见到的人和一些照片。

（6）先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。如：

It’s a book that will help you a lot.

这是一本对你很有帮助的书。

（7）主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which。如：

There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.

桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

3. 关系词只能用which而不用that的情况。

（1）先行词为that、those时。如：

What’s that which is under the desk?

在桌子底下的那个东西是什么？

（2）关系代词前有介词时。如：

This is the room in which he lives.

这是他居住的房间。

（3）引导非限制性定语从句时。如：

Tom came back, which made us happy.

汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

二、关系副词引导的定语从句

1.当先行词为地点名词时，如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。

This is the house which/that was built by my grandfather forty years ago.

这是我爷爷在40年前建造的房子。（定语从句中缺少主语，所以要用

which/that，而不用where）

2. position、point、case、stage、situation、atmosphere等表示抽象地点的名词充当先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状语，则用where来引导。

It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.

把孩子们放在一个能够让他们从不同角度看待自己的环境中对他们很有帮助。

3.关系副词why指原因，代替先行词并在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词一般是reason。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our help?

这是他拒绝我们帮助的理由吗？

【典例】We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ___________ the weather may be better.

A. that B. where C. which D. when

【答案】D

【解析】句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。这是一个定语从句，先行词是next week，定语从句中缺少时间状语，所以用关系副词when引导，故选D。

4.当先行词是时间名词时，既可以用when引导定语从句，也可以用that或which引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，用when引导；若关系词在从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。

Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?

你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？（when在从句中作状语）

Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm?

你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？（that或which作spent的宾语）

三、非限制性定语从句

1.限制性定语从句是不能去掉的，否则剩下的部分就失去意义而不能成立。非限制性定语从句则不然，它只对所修饰的词做进一步说明，去掉之后并不影响整个句子的含义。在形式上，非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常必须有逗号隔开。

Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present.

最后我们参观了长江三峡大坝，它是目前世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。2.引导非限制性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句子。

That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around.

彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布，却已被传得沸沸扬扬。

3.除which外，还可用when、where、who、whom等关系副词或关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。

After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life.

毕业后，我决定留在重庆，在那里我度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。

【注意】that不能引导非限制性定语从句。

4.在限制性定语从句中，如果先行词作宾语时，引导词可以省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省，同时关系代词whom不能用who替换。

练习

1. I shall never forget those days _______ I lived on the farm with the local farmers.

A. that B. when C. which D. where

2. There are many works of art in the museum _______ we will visit tomorrow.

A. which B. who C. where D. what

3. —The TV showSay Hello to Lifeis popular recently.

—Yes. It’s the only program _______ I watched this month.

A. that B. who C. what D. which

4. The attitude you put on life is the attitude you point to yourself. Remember: Attitude does make a difference in everything _______ you do.

A. which B. what C. that D. who

5. In 2020, Ho Hung-sun _______ died at the age of 98 this year. In 2003, he gave away the pig-head statue (雕像) of the Old Summer Palace to the mainland.

A. whom B. whose C. that D. /

6. —What are the girls doing over there?

—They are talking about the boy _______ short videos are very popular on Douyin.

A. whose B. who C. that D. /

7. He doesn’t like people in the company _______ talk much but do little.

A. whose B. which C. who D. that

8. I’m looking for a place _______ I can live.

A. which B. that with it C. where D. /