分析高考试题，辨别what与that

马小娟

在高三备考复习中，发现很多学生在填what与 that时，非常纠结，也很容易混淆。下面就这两个词的用法差异进行归纳。

真题研究

1. （2011年北京卷）_________ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honest and happiness.

分析：What 引导主语从句，并在从句中作offers的宾语。

2.（2011年湖南卷）Before a problem can be solved， it must be obvious________ the problem itself is.

分析：what 引导主语从句，并在从句中作is的表语。句中it是形式主语。

3. （2011年四川卷）Our teachers always tell us to believe in _______ we do and who we are if we want to success.

分析：what 引导宾语从句，并在从句中作do的宾语。

4. （2011年辽宁卷32）When the news came _________ the war broke out， he decided to serve in the army.

分析：that引导同位语从句，说明news的具体内容。

5.（2013年全国卷）It was only after he had read the papers

Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.

分析：考查强调句型It was ... that ...，因此填that。

6.（ 2015年全国卷） Id skipped nearby Guilin， a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _______are pictured by artists...

分析：填that，引导定语从句并在从句中作主语。

7. （2013年全国卷）改错：This is how I need to improve in the future.

解析：因improve缺少宾语，不能用连接副词how引导表语从句，应用连接代词what。

易错题选

1. I immediately tried to find the owner， because that is exactly ________ I would want someone to do if either I or any of my family members lost phones.

分析：what 引导表语从句，在从句中作do的宾语，考生易误填that。

2. _______ I experienced in high school tells me that it is not ________ you are given but how you make use of it______ determines who you are.

分析：第一个空What 引导主语从句，在从句中作experienced的宾语；第二空what 引导表语从句，在从句中作are given的宾语，第三空that， 构成It is...that... 强调句型，其强调部分是“not what you are given but how you make use of it”。句意：我在中学所经历的一切告诉我“不是你被给的东西决定你是谁，而是你怎样利用它决定你是谁”。

3. To their delight， my cousin can use ________ he has learned from university to help them with overseas trade.

分析：what 引导宾语从句，并在从句中作has learned的宾语，考生易误填that。

4. Never judge anyone because you never know how their life is or _________ theyre going through.

分析：know后为or连接的两个并列的宾语从句，由于在后面的一个从句中，through后缺少宾语，且指事物，因此，填what 引导宾语从句，并在从句中作go through的宾语。句意：不要去评判一个人，因为你不知道他们有着怎样的生活或者你不知道他们正经历着什么苦难。

5. We learn to have more confidence in _________ we know through failure.

分析：填what， 引导宾语从句，并在从句中作know的宾语。另外，介词后一般不跟that引导的宾语从句。

6. The wedding was held in a large building _________ was built for the ceremony.

分析：that引导定语从句，在从句子作主语。考生易误填what。

7. China is not the country _________ it used to be.

分析：that引导定语从句，在从句子作be的表语。考生误填what。顺便提提，如果题干中去掉the country，就填what，且在表语从句中作表语，即China is not what it used to be。

8. One day he told his wife he was so disappointed with the city ________ he had to leave.

分析：填that，因为so...that...是固定句式。

用法辨析

1. what，是连接代词，引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等，不能省略。

2. that，（1）引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时，没有任何意义，不作任何句子成分，只起连接作用，值得注意的是，其中同位语从句多由that引导。（2）that可代替which或who，引导限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语或宾语。（3）用于以下特殊句式：

①强调句型 It is / was ...... that......

②固定句型so / such ... that ...

责任编辑 蒋小青