优化阅读教学问题设计 培养学生思维品质
2022-01-14张爱霞
○张爱霞
阅读教学作为小学英语教学的重要组成部分是培养学生思维品质的重要途径。在阅读教学中设计有深度的问题,是启发学生思维,引导学生走进阅读,实现由低级思维向高级思维螺旋式上升,促进学生思维全面发展的重要手段。本文以Winter Fun教学为例,聚焦问题的设计,探讨如何优化问题设计促进阅读教学,培养学生的思维品质。在具体的教学过程中,教师以make a snowman 话题为核心,创设真实的语境,通过实践操作、问题驱动、小组合作、生活拓展等多种学习方式,引导学生体验堆雪人的乐趣,发展思维,并提升学生用英语做事情的能力。
一、问题导入,融入情感,激发思维的参与
阅读前活动的主要任务是激活学生原有的背景知识和与主题相关的生活经验,激发学习兴趣,为学生开展学习、建构知识、输出文本信息和提升能力作好铺垫。
【片段一】
T: Hello,boys and girls. I’m Ann. How do you feel?
S: I feel happy,thank you!
T: How’s the weather today?
S: It’s cloudy.
T:What’s the temperature?
S: It’s about 10 degrees. It’s cold.
上课伊始,教师与学生自由对话。Free talk能够促使学生把自己的知识和经验带进课堂,促进师生之间建立起良好的情感。
【片段二】
T: Next time let’s play a game.Look at the pictures and what is it?
S: Summer.
T:Do you like summer?Why?What do you like doing in summer?
S1: Yes.I like summer.Because I can swim in the sea.I can eat some ice cream.
T:This one please!
S: Winter.
T: What do you think of winter?Why?
S1: I think winter is fun.
S2: Winter is cold.There is snow in winter.
T: What can you do in winter?
S1: I can play with the snow.
S2: I can make a snowman.
教师通过让学生观察图片猜测summer、winter 等主题单词,通过相关的话题“Do you like summer?Why?What do you like doing in summer?”激活学生大脑中已有的认知和经验,通过问题“What do you think of winter?Why?What can you do in winter?”帮助学生快速聚焦当下阅读,形成阅读期待,帮助学生开启与文本的对话,鼓励学生表达自己的所思所想,促进联想思维能力和发散性思维的发展。
二、文本解码,策略指导,促进思维互动
阅读中活动是英语阅读教学的主体,也是英语阅读教学的核心环节,其主要任务是通过阅读了解文本大意,厘清文本思路,获取文本的具体信息或细节性信息。这一阶段,旨在通过活动促进学生思维互动,着力培养学生的观察与比较、分析与判断等思维能力。教师可以设计一些富有层次性和梯度性的问题,通过快读、细读、深读等阅读策略实现文本有层次、有梯度解码。文本解码的程度体现了学生与文本对话的深度,而推理判断是文本信息简单加工后的高级思维活动,指向文本的写作意图、情感态度。
【片段一】
T: Li Ming and Jenny are making a snowman. Let’s read quickly,what do they need for the snowman?Two minutes for you.
(学生快速阅读。)
T:Boys and girls,what do they need for the snowman?
S: Two snowballs.
T: Yes. What else?
S: A banana,a carrot,stones,sticks...
教师以整体性问题引导学生快速阅读,获取主要信息,了解文本大意,在此过程中培养学生的略读能力。
【片段二】
T: How to make a snowman with them?Please read P1-P4.
T: First,how many snowballs do they make?
Ss: Two snowballs.
T: Look,I made two snowballs.One is____.The other is____.I put the big one here for his body. I put the small one on the big one for his head.
T: Let’s make a face for the snowman.Please read P5-P8.
T: What do they have for the snowman’s nose?
S1:They have a carrot for his nose.
T: What do they have for the snowman’s eyes/ears/mouth/arms?Talk With your partner please.
(小组合作交流,学生进一步梳理信息。)
T: Let’s go over how to make it.
(Pair show 小组展示汇报。)
教师引导学生进行寻读,抛出问题How to make a snowman with them?学生细读,进行演示操作,掌握堆雪人的步骤。教师通过追问What do they have for the snowman’s nose/eyes/ears/mouth/arms?让学生小组合作交流,梳理信息,解读文本。学生在教师问题链的驱动下,通过小组展示,操练复述堆雪人的过程用语,在情境中进行语言实践,提高了口语表达能力和逻辑思维能力。
三、信息再构,引发思考,提升思维能力
读后阶段侧重文本框架的构建和知识的综合运用。在文本解码深入分析的基础上,教师更要注重问题的设计,帮助学生从语言材料中提取关键信息,构建知识框架,挖掘开发文本的价值,将文本信息向生活拓展,启发学生批判性地进行思考,不断促进学生思维逻辑性的增强和语言能力的提高。
【片段一】
T: What else can we do for the snowman?
S1: We can have hat for the snowman.
S2: We can have coat for the snowman.
T: Shall we have something for his legs or feet?Does a snowman need legs or feet?
Ss: Yes./No.
T: Why?Why not?Why do you think it need legs or feet?Why do you think it doesn’t need legs or feet?
S1: I think it need legs or feet,because it is perfect.
S2: I think it need legs or feet,because it is complete.
S3: I don’t think it need legs or feet.Because it can’t walk,it needn’t walk or run.
T: I agree with your ideas.Someone thinks it needs. Someone thinks it doesn’t need. I think both are reasonable.
教师充分挖掘文本信息,借助问题“What else can we do for the snowman?”启发学生联系生活经验,引发学生讨论:我们还可以如何装饰雪人?进而讨论Does a snowman need legs or feet?引导学生打破常规,批判性地进行思考,发散学生思维,培养他们多角度分析问题的能力。
【片段二】
T: Do you want to make a different snowman?
Ss: Yes.
T: Now,look! Each group has one box.Choose your favourite things for your snowman. For example,I have two sticks of celery for his arms.I have biscuits for his eyes.What about you?Choose one and tell me.
(学生动手实践。)
T: I really like this snowman. It is so cute.Who made it?Does it have a name?Would you please introduce it?
(Share time 学生展示汇报。)
T: Which one do you like?Why?
教师升华主题,进行迁移创新,让学生选择不同材料make a different snowman,学生在享受体验式活动乐趣的同时,用英语自然交流,为展示分享和语言巩固作好铺垫。在学生展示环节,教师适时引导学生进行评价,Which one do you like?Why?培养学生批判性高级思维能力。
【片段三】
T: Your snowmen are so beautiful and lovely. I want to make one. But nor a snowman. We can call it a sock snowman.Now,I don’t know how to make it.Can you help me?
Ss: Yes.
T: Here are some steps. Please read and order. Do you want to make one?You can make a sock snowman at home.You also can make a different one. Look! Here is an egg snowman,a cup snowman...
T: Which one do you want to make?Share your ideas,you can email me or make a short video. Have fun,boys and girls. Have a good day!
学生的迁移运用水平是阅读目标实现的重要评价指标,是对学习效果的有效反馈。这一阶段,教师将如何制作sock snowman 融入拓展环节,学生通过阅读排序,掌握制作步骤。教师通过其他类别雪人范例,创设基于体验的迁移创新活动,培养学生的归纳与建构、批判与创新等思维能力。
总之,在阅读教学中,我们要兼顾体现学生情感、体现策略指导、体现思维训练和体现语言文化。我们要以问题为抓手,层层递进提高阅读教学效果,要注重培养学生阅读兴趣(Reading for fun),促进之间交流(Reading for communication),更重要的是训练学生思维能力(Reading for thinking),从而使学生获得更多英语学习体验和成就感。
资料存盘
思维的逻辑性主要表现为思维的规则和规律,具体涉及概念、判断和推理等心智活动。思维的批判性在于质疑、求证的态度和行为,不茫然接受一种观点,也不武断地拒绝一种思想,通过正确的途径,求证事物的真假。思维的创造性侧重于求异、求新,不墨守成规,敢于想象,善于改变,推陈出新。
在英语学科中培养和发展学生的思维品质,就是通过引导学生观察语言与文化现象、分析比较其中的异同、归纳语言及语篇特点、辨识语言形式和语篇结构的功能,分析和评价语篇所承载的观点、态度、情感和意图等英语学习活动和实践运用途径,帮助学生学会观察、比较、分析、推断、归纳、建构等思维方式,增强思维的逻辑性、批判性和创造性,提高思维品质。同时,思维品质的提升又有利于增强学生的英语语言能力、提高自主学习的效率以及形成跨文化意识。