理解二维干扰降难度,借助范畴解题保无误
——以2017—2021 年高考英语阅读理解题为例
2021-12-23广东陈杰云
广东 陈杰云
2017—2021 年高考英语阅读理解题考查的题目基本上分为四大类:事实细节题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题。2017—2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷和全国卷Ⅰ的答案A、B、C、D 的分布是:4344、3444、4434、3543、4443,其规律几乎难以捉摸。那么,其命题有没有一定的规律可循呢?或者说有没有更好的解题方法和技巧呢?答案是肯定的。根据研究笔者发现,无论是全国卷还是新高考卷,高考英语阅读理解题的命制都是有一定的规律的,其四个选项主要是根据两种原则来进行命制的,即:同形项原则和二维(范畴)干扰原则。经统计发现,绝大多数的高考英语阅读理解题的选项是根据二维(范畴)干扰的原则进行命制的,如果考生能够掌握二维(范畴)干扰原则的命题规律,将大大地降低解题的难度。
一、概念解释
何谓范畴?所谓范畴,其实就是我们平时所说的类别。为了弄清楚什么叫范畴,请先看以下的例子。请问以下例子中共有几个范畴?
例1:A.Apple. B.Banana.
C.Pear. D.Watermelon.
(1 个范畴,同属于水果范畴。)
例2:A.Leaf. B.Eat.
C.108℃. D.Yummy.
(4 个范畴,属于4 个不同的范畴。)
试想一下,假如每一道高考英语阅读理解题中的4 个选项都像上面例2 一样设置4 个不同的范畴来进行考查,其难度可想而知。在教育部新颁发的《通知》中指出:高考试题选择题的题干应围绕一个中心,和选项的关系一致,干扰项的有效性和迷惑性能反映考生的典型错误,各选项的结构和语言长度应大体一致,各题正确选项的分布要基本均匀。因此,为了降低试题的难度,命题者在命题时常常会根据不同的范畴来进行命题,而这个范畴通常的组合比例为2:2 或者1:3/3:1。这就是本文接下来要讨论的“二维(范畴)干扰”的命题原则。
范畴又可以分为语言“意义”和语言“功能”。何谓语言“意义”和语言“功能”?语言“意义”指的是成对词语、成三词语、或句子所表达的意义,如:近义词、情景意义、正反意义、主次意义、抽象意义、类属意义、实虚意义和概括意义。语言“功能”指的是成对词语或成三词语和句子所用的词类、句型句式、所作句子成分和逻辑关系等。
例1:请说出以下四个选项中哪一个属于不同范畴及其范畴是什么。
A.Black. B.Red.
C.Hot. D.White.
[注:A、B、D 选项属于同一个范畴,C 选项属于不同的范畴,属于“语言意义范畴”,命题者通过两个范畴进行选项设计,这就是我们所说的二维(范畴)干扰。]
例2:请说出以下四个选项中哪一个属于不同范畴及其范畴是什么。
A.He is warm-hearted. B.He speaks loudly.
C.He is generous. D.He is polite.
[注:A、C、D 选项属于同一个范畴,B 选项属于不同的范畴,属于“语言功能范畴”,命题者通过两个范畴进行选项设计,这就是我们所说的二维(范畴)干扰。]
二、真题演绎
高考英语阅读理解题的二维(范畴)干扰命题原则分为两种形式:
1.范畴划分上分为:语言意义、形式和结构、语气、时态和语态等。
2.组合比例上分为:2:2,1:3 或者3:1(这个1 往往可能就是正确答案)。
下面笔者以2017—2021 年高考英语阅读理解题为例,具体阐述如何巧妙借助二维(范畴)干扰/结构范畴命题原则来推导试题的答案。具体操作步骤是:首先通过范畴概念排除选项(降低难度),然后通过原文信息验证答案(定位、定段、定答案)。
(1)通过“语言结构”的范畴进行命题,命题的二维干扰组合比例是2:2。
【真题链接】(2021 年高考英语全国甲卷,阅读理解B)
Paul Beer,head of rhino section at Port Lympne,said:“Obviously we’re all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family.She’s healthy,strong and already eager to play and explore.Her mother,Solio,is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job.It’s still a little too cold for them to go out into the open,but as soon as the weather warms up,I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”
5.What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A.She loves staying with her mother.
B.She dislikes outdoor activities.
C.She is in good condition.
D.She is sensitive to heat.
该题为推理判断题,答案为C。
第一步:分析范畴。该题是通过“语言结构”的范畴进行命题的,二维干扰组合比例为2:2(A、B 属于动宾结构;C、D 属于系表结构),答案在A、B 或者C、D 两组之间产生。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。读题干,可以确定关键词为“Paul Beer say”,定位到本段中Paul Beer 说的话。根据“Obviously we’re all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family.She’s healthy,strong and already eager to play and explore.”可知,我们都非常高兴地欢迎另一头小牛来到我们的黑犀牛家庭。她健康、强壮,并且已经渴望玩耍和探索。由此可推断出这个新生的小犀牛状况很好。故选C 项。
(2)通过“语言形式和结构”的范畴进行命题,命题的二维干扰组合比例是1:3 或者3:1。
【真题链接】(2021年高考英语全国甲卷,阅读理解D)
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six,girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender (性别) are“really,really smart”.Even worse,the study found that girls act on that belief:Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are“really,really smart”.Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn’t take a genius to know the answer:absolutely not.
13.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
该题为推理判断题,答案为D。
第一步:分析范畴。该题是通过“语言形式和结构”的范畴进行命题的,二维干扰组合比例为3:1(A、B、C属于动宾结构;D 属于系表结构),答案在A、B、C 和D 两组之间产生。根据命题规律,通常这个组合中的1(D)就是答案。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。读题干,可确定关键词为“girls from the study in Science”,定位到本段的“Even worse,the study found that girls act on that belief:Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are‘really,really smart’.”可知,女孩有可能被社会信念所影响。故选D 项。
⑵Cox单因素分析结果表明:肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期、分化程度、NLR、PLR、MLR、NWR、LWR、MWR是影响胃癌患者总体生存期的不良预后因素(P<0.05)。
(3)通过“语言形式、意义”的范畴进行命题,命题的二维干扰组合比例是2:2。
【真题链接】(2021 年高考英语全国乙卷,阅读理解B)
When almost everyone has a mobile phone,why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline (座机)?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone.In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket.Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere,anytime.
24.What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A.Their target users.
B.Their wide popularity.
C.Their major functions.
该题为主旨大意题,答案为B。
第一步:分析范畴。该题是通过“语言形式、意义”的范畴进行命题的,二维干扰组合比例为2:2(A、C 选项中的中心词是可数名词复数;B、D 选项中的中心词是不可数名词),答案在A、C 或B、D 两组之间产生。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。读题干,可确定关键词为“Paragraph 2”和“mobile phones”。定位到第二段的“These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone.”可知,几乎15 岁以上的人人手一部手机,无论何时无论何地随时接打,所以第二段主要介绍的是手机的广泛应用。故选B项。
(4)通过“语言形式、意义”的范畴进行命题,命题的二维干扰组合比例是3:1 或者1:3。
【真题链接】(2020 年全国卷Ⅱ,阅读理解B)
Psychologist Susan Levine,an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago,found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition (认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,education and the amount of parent talk,Levine said.
24.In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A.Building confidence.
B.Developing spatial skills.
C.Learning self-control.
D.Gaining high-tech knowledge.
该题为细节理解题,答案为B。
第一步:分析范畴。该题是通过“语言形式、意义”的范畴进行命题的,二维干扰组合比例为3:1(A、C、D选项中的中心词是不可数名词;B 选项中的中心词是可数名词复数),答案在A、C、D 或B 两组之间产生。根据命题规律,通常这个组合中的1(B)就是答案。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。读题干,可确定关键词为“puzzle play”。定位到本段的“...found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.”可知,在2 岁到4 岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好,孩子们可以通过智力游戏发展更好的空间技能。故选B 项。
(5)通过“语气”的范畴进行命题,命题的二维干扰组合比例是3:1。
【真题链接】(2021 年高考英语全国甲卷,阅读理解B)
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve,but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild.The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg.His mother,grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
7.What can be inferred about Port Lympne Reserve?
A.The rhino section will be open to the public.
B.It aims to control the number of the animals.
C.It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D.Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
该题为推理判断题,答案为D。
第一步:分析范畴。该题是通过“语气”的范畴进行命题的,二维干扰组合比例为3:1(A、B、C 属于主谓结构;D 是情态动词开头的主谓结构),答案在A、B、C 或D两组之间产生。根据命题规律,通常这个组合中的1(D)就是答案。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。读题干,可确定关键词为“Port Lympne Reserve”,定位到本段的“but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild”可知,一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D 项。
(6)通过“语气”的范畴进行命题,命题的二维干扰组合比例是2:2。
【真题链接】(2020 年全国卷Ⅲ,阅读理解D)
Dr.Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines.They made a living as divers,spearfishing or harvesting shellfish.“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,”Dr.Jubilado said.“I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
34.Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A.They could walk on stilts all day.
B.They had a superb way of fishing.
C.They could stay long underwater.
D.They lived on both land and water.
该题为细节理解题,答案为C。
第一步:分析范畴。该题是通过“语气”的范畴进行命题的,二维干扰组合比例为2:2(A、C 属于情态动词+动宾结构:B、D 属于动宾结构),答案在A、C 或B、D两组之间产生。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。读题干,可确定关键词为“Jubilado”,定位到本段的“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders”可知,我们很惊讶,他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长得多,由此推断出让Jubilado 感到吃惊的是Bajau 人能在水下待更长的时间。故选C 项。
(7)通过“时态和语态”的范畴进行命题,命题的二维干扰组合比例是1:3 或者3:1。
【真题链接】(2019 年全国卷Ⅲ,阅读理解B)
“China is impossible to overlook,”says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world,which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.”Of course,not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu are taking on Galliano,Albaz,Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands down in design and sales,”adds Hill.
25.What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A.They are setting the fashion.
B.They start many fashion campaigns.
C.They admire super models.
D.They do business all over the world.
该题为细节理解题,答案为A。
第一步:分析范畴。该题是通过“时态和语态”的范畴进行命题的,二维干扰组合比例为1:3(A 为现在进行时;B、C、D 为一般现在时),答案在A 或B、C、D 两组之间产生。根据命题规律,通常这个组合中的1(A)就是答案。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。读题干,可确定关键词为“Hill say”和“Chinese women”,定位到本段的“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world,which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.”可知,中国女性不仅是时尚的消费者,她们还是时尚发展的核心。故选A 项。
三、归纳总结
由于篇幅有限,未能一一列举例子。高考发展到今天,各个学科都逐渐形成了一些比较成熟的命题方式。出于稳定发展的考虑,高考试卷在命题方式上仍然会保持以往的传统风格。近年来,高考英语试题的难度保持在0.65 左右,整卷150 分,按照命题原则,命题人要将平均分控制在90~100 分。高考英语阅读理解题虽说有A、B、C、D四个选项,根据不完全统计,高考英语阅读理解题中的答案选项绝大多数都是根据二维(范畴)干扰原则来进行命制的,即只从两个范畴来设计选项,以降低难度。其范畴组合通常为2:2 或3:1(这个1 常常就是答案,但是仍然需要从原文获取信息来加以推导和验证),通常情况下,解题方法是:先通过范畴概念排除选项(降低难度),再通过原文信息验证答案。如果能够熟练地掌握高考英语阅读理解题的二维(范畴)干扰的命题原则,不但有助于考生降低解题难度,排除一些错误选项,从而快速地推导出正确答案,而且有助于教师明确高考英语命题规律和把握高考英语命题方向,为原创命题提供重要的参考。