借助主位述位理论，备考高考读后续写

广东 李再廷

主位述位理论是布拉格学派的创建者马泰休斯（V.Mathesius）提出的句子结构实义切分法的核心内容。马泰休斯认为，主位、述位是由说话人根据语内语境和语外语境及自己要表达的内容决定的。主位说明谈话的主题，从而成为句子其余部分叙述内容的起点。述位则是对主位的叙述、描写和说明，是叙述的核心内容。

就陈述句来说，充当主位的常常是句子的主语，即名词、代词、名词词组及名词性从句，有时是句子的宾语。例如：

(1) They (主位) enjoy the movie (述位).

(2) The visitors (主位) from all over the world are discussing the next destination now (述位).

(3) Where they will go (主位) hasn’t been decided yet(述位).

一、问题分析

在平时的读后续写备考中，笔者发现不少学生把握不准试题所给的段落首句的主位和述位，导致其在续写故事时，不知道如何展开，或展开时续写内容和上文衔接不紧密，顾左右而言其他，使得续写主题不明确，杂乱无章。例如：

Jennifer took up her phone and looked at the screen.(2021 年佛山二模读后续写第一段首句)

A 学生这样写：Jennifer took up her phone and looked at the screen.She stared at her phone and said to Yui Fay,“I missed you very much.Where have you been these years?”...

B 学生这样写：Jennifer took up her phone and looked at the screen.It was Yui Fay.She said she would not be able to come and asked for a rain check....

从所给的首句推进模式来看，Jennifer 是主位，是信息的起点，phone 和screen 是述位，是将要叙述的核心内容。题目所给句子是“Jennifer 接通电话，看着屏幕”，接下来应是看到的是谁，对方说些什么。然后才是Jennifer 的反应。A 学生的续写没有把握好主位和述位之间的关系，第二句和第一句衔接得不合理。B 学生的续写根据述位展开，逻辑性强，上下文衔接紧密。

二、主位述位理论的应用

基于上述分析，在平时的高考英语读后续写备考中，教师应让学生了解主位述位理论，增强主位述位意识，提高他们读后续写的质量。

（一）使段落的展开有章可循，更具逻辑性

下面以2021年新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写为例进行具体说明。

第一段首句为“As the twins looked around them in disappointment,their father appeared.”，从这个句子的主位推进模式可以看出，从句“As the twins looked around them in disappointment”是主位，是信息的起点。主句“their father appeared”是述位，是即将要叙述的某事的内容。考生应根据“这对双胞胎失望地看着他们刚刚做的早餐”来展开叙述“他们的父亲出现了”之后的一言一行。

下面看看两位学生的作品：

A 学生：As the twins looked around them in disappointment,their father appeared.He was very surprised at the mess in the kitchen and said,“What were you two doing here?”...

B 学生：As the twins looked around them in disappointment,their father appeared.They were very sad when they saw their father’s coming.They asked their father for help...

从A 学生的作品来看，He 是主位，是上一句的述位their father，即上一句即将叙述的新内容。you two 是上一句的主位the twins，也就是接下来要叙述的内容，从已知信息到未知信息，第二句和第一句衔接紧密，逻辑性强。而B 学生的作品中They 是主位，同指上一句的主位the twins，和上一句的述位their father 衔接不紧密，显得较为松散。

（二）不局限于句子，使前后各句的主位述位衔接

主位和述位的反复衔接是实现语篇衔接和连贯的重要手段。如果学生缺乏主位、述位衔接的意识，在进行读后续写时就容易只专注于单个句子，忽视句和句之间的主位述位衔接，从而导致文段松散不堪。例如：

The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up.（2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷，读后续写，第二段首句）They said,“Good morning,my dear mum.”and put the breakfast on the desk.Their mother was very surprised.

题目所给句子的主位是The twins，述位是their mother，由此可以看出，第二句中的主位They 和题目所给出句子的述位之间缺乏联系，使得第二、三句和前面句子的衔接不够紧密。我们可以这样修改：

The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up.When their mother saw the delicious and perfect breakfast in front of her,she was very surprised...

利用一个时间状语从句“When their mother saw the delicious and perfect breakfast in front of her”作为主位来对上一句的述位进行叙述，成为新的内容起点，不但表达自然、准确，而且和上一句有机联系起来，使得整个语篇的粘连性大为增强。

同样的道理，看下面的例子：

The pay arrived at last.(2021 年6 月浙江卷，读后续写，第一段首句) It was not much.My father immediately asked me to contribute it.I thought I should have my own money and planned how to spend it...

第二句的主位It 指第一句的主位The pay，即起点又回到起点，第三句的My father 和第二句的much 无关联，第四句的I 和第三句的it 无关联，总之，整个文段句与句之间较为散乱，主次不分。可以修改如下：

The pay arrived at last.Although it was not much,I was very delighted for I got something from my work.The toil of labour was forgotten for the moment.I thought I should have my own money and planned to spend it....

修改后，第二句用一个让步状语从句来呼应第一句中的述位at last，实现了前后句间的衔接，不会让人觉得第二句的出现很唐突。而且，让步状语从句的使用使得句子的重心后倾，实现了已知信息向新信息的推进，句子的衔接性大大增强。

（三）增加段落的统一性

段落的统一性指写作目的单一性，要求段落中所有句子都为一个主题思想服务，段落中所列举的事实、例证均须与主题相关，整个段落必须围绕一个主题展开。段落的统一性包括两方面的意义：包含性和排他性。即包含相关的信息内容，排除非相关的信息内容。若段落中包含不直接相关的信息，读者就会感到茫然，同时也影响作者意图的有效传递。这就要求学生能够辨别和段落中心思想无关的句子，并写出紧扣段落中心思想的文段。例如：

As the twins looked around them in disappointment,their father appeared.Obviously,they were not good at cooking.So they were very disappointed.Father’s appearing was like a savior to the two children.Because their mother was still sleeping.Under the guidance of their father,they took positive actions and started all over again.They made the bread and then went on cooking porridge.Father helped them adjust the fire,which was the key to success.It was all right this time.Delicious breakfast was ready.How happy they were!

从这段话的推进模式可以看出，第二、三句中的they指第一句的the twins。第四句中的Father’s appearing 和第一句的述位their father appeared 指同一回事，第五句中的their mother 出现唐突，没有做到衔接上文内容，第六句中的they 和第七句中的They 同指two children，这两个句子之间是总分关系，也是衔接紧密的。第八、九、十句是第六、七句内容的一部分，也是叙述的结果，所以六、七、八、九、十句是衔接的。反观第二、三、五句，其主位和述位与整个语篇的其他主位和述位没有任何关系，游离于整个语篇之外，不仅不连贯，更破坏了语篇的统一性。因此，应该删除。

主位和述位之间的衔接是实现语篇衔接和连贯的重要手段之一。利用主位述位理论来推进文章情节的发展，应该是高考英语读后续写备考的一种好方法。如果英语教师掌握了主位述位结构分析的知识并应用于教学，那么在高考英语读后续写备考时，便能更好地通过表层结构的衔接以及底层结构的连贯把握语篇组织的脉络，对快速提高读后续写备考能力有着事半功倍的效果。

三、实战演练

（一）牛刀小试

根据所给句子拓展2～3 个句子，使得上下文衔接合理通顺。

1.Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020,I have been addicted to playing mobile phone.

2.Papa had two hats.

3.Before midnight on Christmas Eve,children will gather around the unsold trees.

（二）模拟高考

阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

The family were starting their meal.The food was left from their Thanksgiving dinner two days before.Eleven-year-old Angelina Wilson asked,“Are we having turkey ice cream,too? ”Her father said,“Angelina,have you forgotten I had no job for a whole year? Now I have work again.You should be very thankful.”He did not sound angry,however.She regretted her comment especially because she had planned to ask her parents for something special.She knew eating put them in good spirits.Then she decided to start her plan.

“I’m sorry I said that about the turkey! But unless I get a new dress,I won’t look good for the Christmas Festival.”This Christmas Festival was different.The Community Center was ready for the big event.The girls wore party clothes.They sang and danced,and many people from the neighborhood came to see them perform.But Angelina had only a plain gray,wool dress she had worn to the event last year.And now it was a little too short.Angelina appealed to her parents.“I stopped into Forbes Department Store after school yesterday.There’s the most beautiful red dress there,just my size.”“Well,we cannot buy it.You never know when I might lose my job.But I have at least some money,”Mother said.

She had earned a little money by staying with her younger brother Louis when her parents went out.All hope was not gone.There was a sign in the Forbes store window that said“layaway（预付订金购货法）.”Maybe it was something that could help her.After school the next day,Angelina went directly to the store where girls’ clothing was sold.Angelina pulled out ten worn dollar bills and showed them to the saleswoman.“This is enough for you to hold‘my’dress for me,right?”“Yes.But you must come back in two weeks to pay the rest.”Angelina felt happy she could get the dress on layaway.She was sure she could earn enough money to pay for it.

注意：1.续写词数应为150 左右。

2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Two weeks later,she was far from having enough money for her dress._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Angelina thought how much she wanted the red dress.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Keys:

（一）牛刀小试

1.Wherever I am,I will watch Tik Tok,browse WeChat with my mobile phone.Mobile phone has become my close partner,who always stays with me.I will get very anxious easily if she is not by my side.

2.One was his Sunday hat,and the other was his everyday hat.When his Sunday hat got old,he wore it every day and then bought a new Sunday hat.He wore his Sunday hat only to church or on holidays or when he visited the city.Most of the time he kept his Sunday hat in a special box.

3.The sellers would throw each tree in turn starting with the biggest tree.Many children would try to catch a tree.But only the strongest,roughest boys would try to catch the big trees.The littlest children waited for the littlest trees.They screamed with happiness when they caught a Christmas tree.

（二）模拟高考

Two weeks later,she was far from having enough money for her dress.She returned sadly to Forbes Department Store and spoke to the saleswoman,“I don’t have enough money for the dress for the Festival.”Then she saw that the saleswoman’s eyes were red.She seemed to have been crying.“You know,the store is closing.I am losing my job.And I would like to make my last sale here to someone belonging to your service club.You do good work.I will pay the rest of what you owe so you can have it.”

Angelina thought how much she wanted the red dress.But she remembered how worried her father had felt during that long year without work.She said“That is very good of you.But you will need all your money until you get another job.”“Well,I will pay to return your money.”Thankfully,she ran out with the money.Outside,a man like Santa Claus was asking people for money to help poor people.Without hesitation she gave the man dressed as Santa Claus several dollars.