膈肺联合超声对颈髓损伤机械通气患者撤机结局的预测评估研究
2021-11-30钟莉唐坎凯徐巍李海东
钟莉 唐坎凯 徐巍 李海东
[關键词] 膈肺联合超声;颈髓损伤;机械通气;撤机结局
[中图分类号] R445.1 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)18-0104-05
Prediction and evaluation of weaning outcome of diaphragm and lung combined ultrasound in patients with mechanical ventilation for cervical spinal cord injury
ZHONG Li TANG Kankai XU Wei LI Haidong
Department of Intensive Care Unit,the First People′s Hospital of Huzhou in Zhejiang Province, Huzhou 313000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the success rate of weaning outcome of diaphragm and lung combined ultrasound in patients with mechanical ventilation for cervical spinal cord injury. Methods Patients with mechanical ventilation for upper cervical spinal cord injury treated in the intensive care unit of our hospital from January 2018 to December 2019 were enrolled in the retrospective analysis. The duration of mechanical ventilation was more than 48 hours, which met the weaning criteria of spontaneous breathing test (SBT). All patients were evaluated by bedside lung B-ultrasound and diaphragm ultrasound. The diaphragmatic displacement (DD),the diaphragmatic rapid shallow breathing index (D-RSBI), and the lung ultrasonic B-line score (LUBS) were measured. The patients were divided into the success group and the failure group according to the weaning outcome. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was adopted to evaluate and analyze the predictive value of each index. Results There were 45 patients in the success group and 15 patients in the failure group. There was no significant difference in the population characteristics between the two groups(P>0.05). The LUBS in the success group was (8.91±0.92)points, and in the failure group was (13.52±1.21) points, with statistically significant difference(P=0.001). The DD in the success group was (13.56±2.04)mm, and in the failure group was (9.36±1.12) mm,with statistically significant difference (P=0.002). The D-RSBI in the success group was significantly lower than that in the failure group, with statistically significant difference [(1.42±0.26) Times/(min·mm) vs. (2.16±0.38) Times/(min·mm), P=0.008)]. The D-RSBI, the LUBS, and the D-RSBI combined with LUBS all had predictive efficiency to failure of weaning. The predictive efficiency of D-RSBI combined with LUBS was highest,with AUC of 0.982. Conclusion Diaphragm and lung combined ultrasound can well predict the weaning outcome in patients with mechanical ventilation for cervical spinal cord injury, with the highest predictive efficiency of D-RSBI combined with LUBS.
[Key words] Diaphragm and lung combined ultrasound; Cervical spinal cord injury; Mechanical ventilation; Weaning outcome
急性颈髓损伤是临床工作中比较常见的危重疾患,常可导致患者感觉、运动功能的丧失,高位的颈髓损伤甚至可影响呼吸和循环中枢,其致残率及病死率均较高,预后较差。肺部感染和呼吸衰竭是创伤性颈髓损伤最常见的两大致死因素[1]。为改善通气功能、促进排痰和避免吸入性肺炎的发生,提高颈髓损伤患者救治率,机械通气已成为颈髓损伤后一个重要的辅助治疗措施。然而,有研究显示,20%~30%的机械通气患者会存在呼吸肌的依赖,造成撤机的延长,而撤机失败将增加患者40%~50%的死亡率[2]。因此,评估撤机时机和预测撤机结局非常重要[3-4]。近年来,超声因其无创化的特点在重症领域蓬勃发展,而膈肌超声和肺部超声在重症患者中的运用更是成为热点[5]。有研究显示,肺部超声B线(Lung B-line score,LUBS)、膈肌移动度(Diaphragm mobility,DD)及膈肌浅快呼吸指数(Diaphragmatic rapid shallow breathing index,D-RSBI)对评估撤机有很好的临床指导价值[6-7]。目前,LUBS联合DD及D-RSBI在预测颈髓损伤患者撤机结局中的应用鲜有报道,因此本研究旨在评估LUBS联合DD及D-RSBI对高位颈髓损伤机械通气患者撤机结局的预测价值,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
回顾性分析在浙江省湖州市第一人民医院重症医学科进行,通过本院医学伦理委员会批准,所有纳入研究的患者均征求患者及其家属的同意并签署知情同意书。选取2018年1月至2019年12月入住本院重症监护室(Intensive care unit,ICU)高位脊髓损伤并使用机械通气患者60例。纳入标准:①中重度颈髓损伤;②需要经口腔气管插管或气管切开呼吸机辅助呼吸;③>18周岁;④机械通气时间>48 h;⑤必须符合自主呼吸试验(Spontaneous breathing trial,SBT)的撤机标准。排除标准:①无创呼吸机辅助通气;②≤18周岁;③既往存在神经肌肉源性疾病;④血气胸、胸腔闭式引流或纵隔气肿;⑤多发肋骨骨折、连枷胸;⑥研究前48 h内使用过肌松剂;⑦患者或家属不配合临床诊治或不签属知情同意书。所有纳入研究的患者均达到进行SBT试验的标准,根据脱机成功与否分为撤机成功组和撤机失败组,两组患者人群特征无明显差异。
1.2 方法
机械通气患者尝试撤机的条件:①咳嗽有力;②氧合指数>150 mmHg;③呼气末正压通气指标<5 cmH2O;④已停用血管升压药和镇静类药物。用120 min T管法进行SBT,SBT过程中监测患者生命体征,出现下列任何一项均被认为SBT失败:①动脉血氧饱和度<90%;②心率>140次/min或变化>20%,或出现新发的心律失常;③呼吸频率>35次/min或<8次/min;④出现意识烦躁、大汗淋漓、焦虑或呼吸困难;⑤收缩压<90 mmHg或>180 mmHg。通过自主呼吸试验后1 h拔除气管插管。撤机成功定义为在没有任何呼吸支持的情况下自主呼吸达到48 h。SBT失败或48 h内需要再插管、接受有创或无创通气均视为撤机失败。
纳入研究的患者在尝试撤机前均行膈肺联合超声检查。比较撤机成功组与撤机失败组相关超声指标的差异,分析超声相关指标预测撤机失败的能效,为膈肺联合超声预测颈髓损伤机械通气患者撤机结局提供依据。
1.3 观察指标
所有患者的床边膈肌超聲和肺部超声B超均由同一研究人员独立操作完成,在进行超声检查时注意探头消毒避免交叉感染的发生。
患者床头抬高20°~40°,超声探头置于锁骨中线或腋前线与肋弓下缘交界处,以肝脏作为透声窗,探头指向背侧及头侧,声束到达并垂直于膈肌中后1/3部位,在理想的二维图像基础上采用M超显示膈肌运动。分别测量呼气末及吸气末膈肌距基线的距离。DD(mm)=吸气末膈肌距基线距离-呼气末膈肌距基线距离。同时应用呼吸机监测患者潮气量(Tidal volume,VT)、自主呼吸频率(Respiration rate,RR)。计算膈肌浅快呼吸指数D-RSBI (D-RSBI=RR/DD)。
进行床旁肺部超声检查时患者取仰卧位,采用中国重症超声专家共识推荐的检查方法[8],凸阵探头垂直于肋间隙,分别于两侧胸壁的PLAPS点、上下蓝点及后蓝点来检测B线数目。选取每个观察点采集切面吸气相最多的B线数目,一条B线计一分,进行计数,当出现碎片征(即肺部实变征象)时记五分,统计双侧肺超LUBS数值总和,即为肺部超声B线积分(LUBS)。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 18.0统计学软件进行医学统计分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用t检验;计量资料进行正态检验,符合正态分布的资料以(x±s)表示,组间数据比较采用独立样本t检验。非正态分布的计量资料以M(QR)表示,组间数据采用秩和检验比较。绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),计算曲线下面积(Area under roc curve,AUC)和95%置信区间(Confidence interval,CI),评价D-RSBI、膈肌位移(DD)及LUBS对撤机失败的预测价值。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者基本资料比较
重度颈髓损伤需机械通气患者60例,其中,撤机成功组45例,撤机失败组15例。撤机成功组男29例,女16例,年龄26~75岁,平均(58.25±12.66)岁,ASIA分级A级32例,B级13例;撤机失败组男10例,女5例,年龄26~78岁,平均(59.16±13.82)岁,ASIA分级A级11例,B级4例。两组患者人群特征比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。
2.2 兩组患者撤机相关参数比较
撤机成功组LUBS为(8.91±0.92)分,撤机失败组为(13.52±1.21)分,两组比较,差异有统计意义(P=0.001);撤机成功组DD为(13.56±2.04)mm,撤机失败组为(9.36±1.12)mm,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002)。相似的,撤机成功组D-RSBI明显低于撤机失败组,差异有统计学意义[(1.42±0.26)次/(min·mm) vs. (2.16±0.38)次/(min·mm),P=0.008)]。两组人群VT、RR比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
2.3 各项指标对撤机失败的预测能力
D-RSBI、LUBS及两者联合对撤机失败均有预测效能。LUBS的最佳临界值为9时,其预测撤机失败的敏感度为100.0%,但特异度只有56.9%。D-RSBI的预测效能好于前者,最佳临界值为1.41次/(min·mm)时,预测撤机失败的敏感度为91.6%,特异度为82.2%。LUBD联合D-RSBI的预测效能最大,AUC值为0.982。见图1,表3。
3 讨论
重度颈髓损伤可引起多功能器官障碍和并发症,其中呼吸系统并发症仍是颈髓损失患者最常见的并发症和死亡原因[9]。据研究发现,颈髓损伤可引起呼吸肌麻痹、呼吸运动障碍,气道自净能力下降,造成肺部感染、肺不张等呼吸系统并发症发生率可高达40%-70%[10]。临床上对此类患者尽早进行气道干预可显著降低患者死亡率及缩短住院时间[11]。
然而,机械通气的撤离一直是临床上面临的重要挑战。急性呼吸衰竭患者在原发疾病得到改善时,大多数能够脱离机械通气。临床上20%~30%患者出现呼吸机依赖,撤机失败,导致其长期需要机械通气支持,从而增加机械通气的并发症、重症监护病房(ICU)住院时间、医疗费用[12],直接导致病死率增加大约40%~50%[2]。撤机失败本质上是多因素造成的;可以由膈肌功能障碍,机械负荷过大,撤机诱发的心血管功能障碍或清除分泌物的能力降低等引起。根据单一的参数来预测撤机成功与否是不合适的。撤机前对心肺功能及膈肌功能进行全面、综合的分析评估非常重要。
膈肌作为主要的呼吸肌,是影响机械通气患者能否成功撤机的主要因素之一[13]。目前,评估重症患者膈肌功能的手段非常有限,有研究显示床旁超声检查是评估膈肌功能的有效方法[14],具有无创、简便易操作、可床旁即时使用的特点,而且具有准确性高、组间及组内可重复性高的优点[15-16]。RSBI是最常用的预测撤机结局的指标之一,但是RSBI在不同人群及检测方法下,其预测撤机结局的敏感度及临界值及均不同[17-18],导致其指导撤机价值不高[19-20]。Kim等[21]研究发现,SBT时膈肌位移小于10 mm时患者撤机失败发生率更高;樊麦英等[22]研究发现,与撤机成功组相比,撤机失败组膈肌位移更小、RSBI及D-RSBI更高;而失败组患者机械通气时间、住院时间较更长,这一研究结果证实了膈肌功能影响撤机结局及患者预后。他们认为相比于传统的RSBI,膈肌位移及D-RSBI可以准确预测有创机械通气至少48 h患者撤机失败,对临床撤机结局的预测具有重要的指导作用。
肺部超声评分(LUS)可以用来评估重症患者在脱机过程中因肺泡塌陷导致的通气功能的障碍[23]。Soummer等[24]研究发现肺超可通过识别局部或整体的肺复张情况,提高撤机成功的预测准确性。肺部超声能协助临床医生快速的对肺通气模式进行调整及优化,从而选择更好的SBT时机[25]。郑清江等[26]研究发现,BNP、LAP数值的增加都均可使LUBS增加,LUBS与SBT 30 min BNP以及LAP均有显著相关性,从侧面验证LUBS可以反应心功能的情况。失败组往往存在更为严重的肺泡间质综合征,包括肺部炎性渗出或更差的心功能,而成功组的B线积分更低;肺脏超声有助于选择正确的SBT时机。较低的LUBS评分提示可缩短机械通气时间,而较高的LUBS患者,提示不适合准备撤机和尽早撤机。重症医师需实时监测床边LUBS评分的变化,快速、及时的调整治疗策略,促使患者早期脱机。
目前,采用膈肺联合超声对脊髓损伤机械通气患者进行评估判定脱管时机的研究较少。本研究以高位颈髓损伤机械通气患者这一特定人群为研究对象,采用床边膈肺联合超声检测,认为D-RSBI联合B线更能准确的预测撤机的成败,对今后的研究提供很好的方向。同时,本研究也存在一些问题,例如单中心研究、病例数少等缺点,需要大样本的多中心随机对照研究来证实。
综上所述,膈肺联合超声能有效预测颈髓损伤机械通气患者的脱管结局,其中,D-RSBI联合LUBS在指导撤机上优于DD,对临床撤机结局的预测具有指导作用。
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(收稿日期:2021-02-16)