由点及面,整体构架
2021-11-07段青洁
段青洁
摘要:结合牛津初中英语7A Unit 4 Integrated Skills Part A部分的教学案例,通过观察教师教学过程和研究教后反思,并采用行动研究的模式,对听力教学进行了分析和研究。
关键词:案例分析;行动研究;听力教学
一、研究背景
牛津版初中英语教材特别强调要关注学生的学习情感,激发学生的学习兴趣,倡导情景式任务型的教学方式,重视学生在浸润式的学习过程中发展语言运用能力。教材每个单元围绕着一个话题展开教与学,编排上注意整体性,一气呵成。每个单元又由Welcome to the unit,Reading,Grammar,Integrated skills,Study skills,Main task,Self-Assessment等七個模块组成,每个模块也各自承担着不同的训练重点。
由于教材内容的丰富与多样,增加了教师理解、把握教材的难度,也由于学生刚升入初中,对学生认知水平等学情的了解程度不够,使教与学的定位不够准确,导致教学目标不够清晰,教学素材过于繁杂,教与学的活动浮于表面,导致学生学科知识的掌握与学习能力的提高得不到落实。这就需要教师在备课时,要重视研究学习目标,认真钻研教学内容,仔细分析学生学情,科学合理重组这些模块,将英语学习的听、说、读、写切实落实到位。
如何有效地实现模块整合,以达到最佳的教学效果?如何将每个单元的大目标分层落实在各个模块中?针对这些问题,笔者就听力这一模块,通过发现问题、思考对策、实践验证与总结反思四个阶段开展了案例研究,即借助收集、观察、分析典型的教学案例,找出自己在教学中存在的困惑与问题,通过分析研究、共同探讨寻找解决问题的方案,然后将调整后的教学案例进行教学实践,最后再次分析、反思、提炼,总结出规律。
二、案例呈现
在每个单元的Integrated skills板块中Part A,设计了听力部分,如何在这一模块落实新课标,切实培养与提高学生的听力技巧,将听与说、读、写有机结合?以下是笔者整理的教学案例,并加入了简要的评述。
Step 1:Show the learning aims
1.To learn to get main ideas(大意) from listening.
2.To learn to talk about some after-school activities.
Step 2:Pre-task
Task 1:Revision
First of all,lets review the use of prepositions and adverbs of frequency.
Task 2:Watch and say
Watch a video about a volleyball match to lead into the title.Ask like this:
1.What sport is it in the video?
2.What kind of match is it?
Step 3:While-task
Task 1:Listen and tick
First,listen to the tape and then listen again and check the answers one by one.
The first question is about teams. The second is about date. The third is about place and the fourth is about time.
Task 2:Complete the notes (P49 A2)
Task 3:Listen again and finish the match (P50 A3).
Task 4:Pair- work
Student work in pairs and try to fill in the blanks.
Task 5:Listen and answer
Millie likes playing volleyball. She also likes doing other things at weekends. Lets see Tommy and her favourite activity at weekends.
First listen and answer one question:
1.What does Tommy like to do at weekends?
Second,Read freely and answer the two questions:
2.What does Tommy like to do?
3.How does Tommy like to go on a picnic?
Task 6:Practise reading
Boys and girls read it in roles and have a competition.
Task 7:Read in roles and judge T/F
Students read it in pairs and try to judge.
Task 8:Ask and answer
Look at the table and ask and answer in pairs about Millies and Tommys favourite activity:
A: What does Millie/Tommy to do at weekends?
B: He likes to...
A: How often does Millie/Tommy ...?
B: About...
(注:本環节进入本课主题——听一段听力材料,完成听力。教师利用第一环节的铺垫,完成部分练习,然后听材料两遍,完成剩余练习)
Step 4:Post-task
Task 1:Feedback
What have we learned this class?
1.Some information form listening.
2.Task about our after-school activities.
Task 2:Finish the learning paper
Step 5:Homework
Finish the other exercises
三、案例分析
(一)笔者的问题
这节课属于牛津初中英语Integrated skills 中的听力教学模块,大多数教师在实施这一环节教学时大都采用了以上的教学步骤,也就是采用任务菜单式的教学程序,由浅入深地层层推进。综观课堂,笔者反复思考:新课标要求通过听力训练培养学生良好的听力习惯与获取信息的能力,而不仅仅是听的技能。上述案例中虽然教师完成了整堂课的教学内容,但从学生的表现来看,似乎离实现本节课的教学目标还有一点距离。这一点距离在哪里?从案例来看,这堂课主要有以下几个方面的问题。
1.“听了”不等于“听懂”
对于大部分学生来说,同一班级内学生英语水平差别相当大,有些听力材料有生词,句子长,加上学生对录音中的连读、对某背景知识不了解等因素,都给听力带来了障碍,很多学生听了两遍录音也未能完全听懂。这种听前缺乏引导或引导强度不够的听力活动会让很多学生的英语学习产生挫折感,这与英语课程标准提出的“让学生体验学习成功感”的理念相违背。
2.“学了”不等于“学好”
新课标在“语言技能教学建议”部分对听前活动的建议是:明确听的目的,激发兴趣和欲望,熟悉话题,预测大意,处理关键词,布置任务。而很多老师在教学中把听力环节当作考试训练,既没有激发学生的兴趣,也没有语言知识的铺垫,而是直接播放教材中的听力任务。还有些教师片面地把听力前的材料阅读当成听前引导活动。
(二)笔者的对策
通过分析上述案例,笔者认识到在进行听力教学时,要考虑这样一个问题:这节课要教会学生什么,仅仅是完成听力任务中的几个空格,还是获取知识的方法?采用怎样的方法让更多的学生主动参与,提升听力教学的实效。笔者对教学环节进行了如下调整。
1.创设有效情境
针对本单元语法点与单元听力话题进一步训练,为了生动显现时间介词in,on,at与频率副词的用法,教师可以创设有效情境,让学生在情境中将语言落地生根。比如,通过视频,一方面可以激发学生对听力话题的兴趣,另一方面为突破听力材料难点进行铺垫。
2.注重整体呈现
听力材料的片段式呈现,有利于学生记忆或复述材料,但也会影响学生整体感知和听力材料识记。所以教师应在学生完成片段学习之后,完整地将听力材料呈现,便于学生在完整的语境中学习。
3.强化技巧训练
在听力教学时,教师要重视听与练的量,但同时要提醒学生听力技巧灵活运用,帮助学生掌握语言知识与听力技巧。可以增加小组讨论的环节,充分发挥小组学习的作用,激发学生的探索性与主观能动性,促使学生对听力技巧有着更深刻的理解与应用。
(三)笔者的实践
基于思考,笔者拟将原案例修改为:
Step 1:Show the learning aims
1.To learn to get main ideas(大意) from listening.
2.To learn to talk about some after-school activities.
Step 2: Pre-task
Task 1:Revision
First of all,lets review the use of prepositions and adverbs of frequency.
1.Fill in the blanks with “in”“on”,or “at”.
(1)We dont go to school ______ Sunday.
(2)He was born ______ 1992.
(3)People are very happy ______ Christmas .
(4) She starts learning English _____ six oclock.
(5)My birthday is _______ April 1st.
(6) He often takes Eddie for a walk _______ the evening of Sundays.
2.Try to choose the right answers.
(1)Tom _____ to work by bicycle.
A. usually go B. go usually
C. usually goes D. goes usually
(2)We often eat dinner at home on weekends, but ______ we eat out.
A. sometimes B. seldom
C. never D. always
(3) Jerry _________ for school.
A. is usually late B. usually is late
C. is late usually D. goes usually late
Task 2:Watch and say
Watch a video about a volleyball match to lead into the title.
Ask like this:
1.What sport is it in the video?
2.What kind of match is it?
3.Fill in the blanks.
( 21:15, 21st August 2016, China Womens Volleyball Team got the first in Rio Olympic Games(巴西里约奥运会). These young girls ______ (总是)train hard and they________ (很少)have time to enjoy life. )
Step 3:While-task
Task 1:Listen and tick
First,listen to the tape and then listen again and check the answers one by one.
The first question is about teams. The second is about date. The third is about place and the fourth is about time.
Task 2:Complete the notes (P49 A2)
Task 3:Listen again and finish the match (P50 A3)
Task 4:Pair- work
Student work in pairs and try to fill in the blanks.
Task 5:Group work
Listen to the recording and read the listening material at the same time. After that,students work in groups of four,to discuss the key and different points of the reading task and the reading material.
(注:教師首先抛出听力任务,学生对照原文进行听读训练。听读后,学生以小组形式展开讨论,针对听力原材料重难点以及易错点及常见对策展开讨论,以加深学生对听力材料的熟悉度与听力方法应用的熟练度)
Task 6:Listen and answer
Millie likes playing volleyball. She also likes doing other things at weekends. Lets see Tommy and her favourite activity at weekends.
First,listen and answer one question:
1.What does Tommy like to do at weekends?
Read freely and answer the two questions;
2. What does Tommy like to do?
3.How does Tommy like to go on a picnic?
Task 7:Practise reading
Boys and girls read it in roles and have a competition.
Task 8:Read in roles and judge (T/F)
Students read it in pairs and try to judge.
(注:教师通过边播放录音边检查学生的答案,逐个答案检查完之后再整体地听一遍文章)
Task 9:Ask and answer
Look at the table and ask and answer in pairs about Millies and Tommys favourite activity:
A: What do you like to do at weekends ?
B: I like to________.
A: How often do you ________?
B: About_______. What about you ?
A: I like to ________.
B: How often do you________?
A: About________.
B: Thats great!
Task 10:Make up a new dialogue in pairs.
(注:本環节进入本课主题——听一段听力材料,完成听力,教师利用第一环节的铺垫,完成部分练习,然后听材料两遍,完成剩余练习)
Step 4:Post-task
Task 1:Feedback
What have we learned this class?
1.Some information from listening.
2.Task about our after-school activities.
Task 2:Finish the learning paper
(注:本环节要求针对单元话题展开回顾。)
Step 5:Homework
Finish the other exercises
(四)笔者的反思
1.明确教学目标
学习知识只是教学的目标之一,国家课程标准强调要关注学生的学习兴趣、学习习惯、学习方法、学习能力,还强调关注学生的综合素养等,所以我们不能简单地照本宣科,而要针对学生的实际,激发学生听的动力,提高学生完成听力练习的欲望,让全体学生主动地、积极地参与进来,使不同层次的学生都有所提升。
2.加强听前指导
学生的听力水平受诸多因素的影响,有些学生生活经验丰富,知识面广,这些可以有效地弥补学生语言储备等的不足。因此,教师要加强听前指导,适当拓展学生的知识面,学会有技巧地听。
3.加强环节联系
听力教学不是孤立存在的,它是英语学习过程中的一个环节,与“读、说、写”紧密联系,并为学生“说”和“写”能力的提高及在丰富语言和内容方面奠定基础。教师要充分利用听力教学,在训练学生听力水平的同时,提高“读、写”能力。
听力教学是初中英语教学中不可或缺的重要组成部分。教师要依据课标要求与教材内容精心创设与学生生活息息相关的语境,紧紧抓住能与学生产生共鸣的话题,科学设计学生感兴趣的听力活动,将课堂语言巧妙地转化为生活语言,将话题延伸到真实的交际语境中。教师要及时给予学生帮助,减少学生的畏难情绪,使学生乐听乐识、乐学乐用。
(责任编辑:奚春皓)