急性心力衰竭患者Ghrelin与NT-proBNP水平的预后预测价值
2021-07-05邓潮超朱鹏立黄峰肖华贞
邓潮超 朱鹏立 黄峰 肖华贞
【摘要】 目的:研究急性心力衰竭患者胃促生長素(Ghrelin)、氨基端B型利钠肽原前体(NT-proBNP)水平的预后预测价值。方法:选择241例急性心力衰竭患者,测定血浆Ghrelin和NT-proBNP水平,采用电话随访,记录死亡时间。采用Kaplan-Meier曲线做生存分析,采用Cox比例风险回归模型比较组间事件风险比(HR)。结果:所有患者,随访时间0~565 d,中位数时间为151 d。低Ghrelin组和高Ghrelin组年龄、舒张压、钠、肌酐、急性心肌梗死比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高Ghrelin组(Ghrelin>9.19 ng/mL)全因死亡率低于低Ghrelin组(Ghrelin≤9.19 ng/mL)(P<0.05)。高NT-proBNP组(NT-proBNP>3 801.0 pg/mL)和低NT-proBNP(NT-proBNP≤3 801.0 pg/mL)心率、血红蛋白、钠、肌酐、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室射血分数、冠心病、急性心肌梗死比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高NT-proBNP组全因死亡率高于低NT-proBNP组(P<0.01)。Kaplan-Meier曲线显示,高Ghrelin组的中位生存时间长于低Ghrelin组(P<0.01),低NT-proBNP组的中位生存时间长于高NT-proBNP组(P<0.05)。Cox比例风险模型分析显示,低Ghrelin高NT-proBNP组发生死亡事件风险为高Ghrelin低NT-proBNP组5.346倍[95%CI(1.461,19.561),P<0.01]。结论:低Ghrelin、高NT-proBNP水平的急性心力衰竭患者预后差。
【关键词】 急性心力衰竭 Ghrelin NT-proBNP 预后
Prognostic Value of Ghrelin and NT-proBNP in Patients with Acute Heart Failure/DENG Chaochao, ZHU Pengli, HUANG Feng, XIAO Huazhen. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(14): 0-080
[Abstract] Objective: To study prognostic value of Ghrelin and NT-proBNP in patients with acute heart failure. Method: Clinical data of 241 patients with acute heart failure were collected, plasma Ghrelin and NT-proBNP levels were determined, telephone follow-up was performed, and time of death was recorded. Kaplan-Meier curve was used for survival analysis, and Cox proportional risk regression model was used to compare the inter-group event risk ratio (HR). Result: All patients were followed up for 0-565 d, with a median of 151 d. There were statistically significant differences in age, diastolic blood pressure, sodium, creatinine and acute myocardial infarction between the low and high Ghrelin group (P<0.05). All-cause mortality rate of high Ghrelin group (Ghrelin>9.19 ng/mL) was lower than that of low Ghrelin group (Ghrelin≤9.19 ng/mL) (P<0.05). There were significant differences between the high NT-proBNP (NT-proBNP>3 801.0 pg/mL) group and the low NT-proBNP (NT-proBNP≤3 801.0 pg/mL)
in heart rate, hemoglobin, sodium, creatinine, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, coronary heart disease, and acute myocardial infarction (P<0.05). All-cause mortality rate of high NT-proBNP group was higher than that of low NT-proBNP group (P<0.01). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the median survival time of high Ghrelin group was higher than that of low Ghrelin group (P<0.01). The median survival time of low NT-proBNP group was higher than that of high NT-proBNP group (P<0.05). Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that, the death occurred HR of the low Ghrelin and high NT-proBNP group compared with the high Ghrelin and low NT-proBNP group was 5.346 [95%CI (1.461, 19.561), P<0.01]. Conclusion: The low Ghrelin level and high NT-proBNP level have poor outcome in patients with acute heart failure.
[Key words] Acute heart failure Ghrelin NT-proBNP Prognosis
First-authors address: Fujian Provincial Hospital South Branch, Fuzhou 350000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.14.019
心力衰竭是常见危重病,住院死亡率3%~13%,半年内再住院率达50%,5年死亡率高达60%,预后差[1-2]。氨基端B型利钠肽原前体(NT-proBNP)在心力衰竭的诊断、预后预测都有重要价值,但是仍有局限性,在肾功能不全、高龄的患者中局限性尤其大。因此,在心力衰竭患者的诊断、疗效判断及预后预测等方面,各国指南均推荐联合多种标志物检测。胃促生长素(Ghrelin)是一种活性多肽,由28个氨基酸构成[3]。研究表明,Ghrelin对心脏有多种益处,包括扩张血管、抑制交感神经活性、调节能量代谢、延缓心脏重构和正性肌力等[4-6]。动物实验表明,大鼠Ghrelin基因人为敲除后,心功能和生存率显著降低[7],肌钙蛋白T部分基因敲除的心力衰竭大鼠中,生理盐水对照组死亡率高于Ghrelin治疗组[8]。国内一项随访研究显示,在慢性心力衰竭患者中心血管事件组Ghrelin水平与非事件组有差异[9]。但在急性心力衰竭患者中,Ghrelin的预后价值尚无相关报道。本研究旨在探讨急性心力衰竭患者中Ghrelin和NT-proBNP水平预后预测价值,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选择2014年6月-2015年1月就诊于福建省立医院的241例急性心力衰竭患者。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)诊断为急性心力衰竭。排除标准:(1)合并恶性肿瘤且预计寿命少于两年;(2)合并消化性溃疡;(3)胃切除病史。本研究通过医院伦理委员会批准,患者均签署知情同意书。
1.2 方法 (1)Ghrelin和NT-proBNP水平的测定:入院时即刻用EDTA抗凝管采集5 mL静脉血2管,高速低温离心(4 ℃,3 000 r/min)分离血浆,-80 ℃冻存。NT-proBNP由医院免疫实验室统一测定。Ghrelin测定采用美国凤凰城公司酶联免疫吸附试剂盒,检测浓度范围0~100 ng/mL,线性范围0.09~1.2 ng/mL,批间差异<15%,批内差异<10%。(2)收集患者入院时临床资料,以入院时间为随访开始时间,记录出院结局及时间。存活出院患者,通过电话随访获取生存资料。随访的终点事件为全因死亡,最终截止时间为2016年2月1日。
1.3 观察指标 (1)以Ghrelin中位数为界值,分为低Ghrelin组(Ghrelin≤9.19 ng/mL,n=121)和高Ghrelin组(Ghrelin>9.19 ng/mL,n=120)。比较两组全因死亡率并采用Kaplan-Meier曲线做生存分析。(2)以NT-proBNP中位数为界值,分为低NT-proBNP组(NT-proBNP≤3 801.0 pg/mL,n=121)和高NT-proBNP組(NT-proBNP>3 801.0 pg/mL,n=120)。比较两组全因死亡率并采用Kaplan-Meier曲线做生存分析。(3)采用Cox比例风险回归模型比较组间事件风险比(HR)。
1.4 统计学处理 使用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析。正态分布计量资料用(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验;非正态分布计量资料用M(P25,P75)表示,比较用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,比较采用字2检验。采用Kaplan-Meier法比较组间中位生存时间,多组间事件风险采用Cox比例风险回归模型比较。双侧P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 失访及全因死亡情况 241例患者中,失访54例,失访率22.4%,其中17例失访是由手机号码变更导致。随访时间0~565 d,151(14,449)d。全因死亡57例,占23.7%。
2.2 低Ghrelin组和高Ghrelin组全因死亡率及中位生存时间比较 两组性别比例、体质指数、收缩压、心率、血红蛋白、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室射血分数、冠心病、高血压、扩张型心肌病比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组年龄、舒张压、钠、肌酐、急性心肌梗死比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。高Ghrelin组全因死亡率为15.8%(19/120),低于低Ghrelin组的31.4%(38/121)(字2=8.090,P<0.05)。高Ghrelin组的中位生存时间为361 d长于低Ghrelin组的65 d(字2=9.427,P<0.01)。见图1。
2.3 低NT-proBNP组和高NT-proBNP组全因死亡率及中位生存时间比较 两组年龄、性别比例、体质指数、收缩压、舒张压、高血压、扩张型心肌病比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组心率、血红蛋白、钠、肌酐、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室射血分数、冠心病、急性心肌梗死比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。高NT-proBNP组全因死亡率为35.8%(43/120),高于低NT-proBNP组11.6%(14/121)(字2=19.642,P<0.01)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,低NT-proBNP组的中位生存时间为398 d长于高NT-proBNP组的52 d(字2=23.205,P<0.05)。见图2。
2.4 NT-proBNP和Ghrelin水平联合预测全因死亡事件风险比 研究对象以NT-proBNP及Ghrelin的中位数为界分为:高NT-proBNP低Ghrelin组(n=72)、高NT-proBNP高Ghrelin组(n=48)、低NT-proBNP低Ghrelin组(n=49)、低NT-proBNP高Ghrelin组(n=72)。Cox比例风险回归模型分析显示,校正年龄、性别比例、收缩压、肌酐、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室射血分数、冠心病和急性心肌梗死比例后,与低NT-proBNP高Ghrelin组比,高NT-proBNP低Ghrelin组死亡风险为5.346[95%CI(1.461,19.561),P<0.05]。
3 討论
急性心力衰竭是常见的急危重症,预后差,心衰再入院率及死亡率高。研究随访结果表明,急性心力衰竭患者因心衰再入院率为11.9%~43.9%,1年全因死亡率高达17.4%~28.3%[10-12],本研究全因死亡率为23.7%。因此,急性心力衰竭患者需要有效的病情和预后预测,以便尽早采取更佳的干预措施改善预后。
在急性心力衰竭中,NT-proBNP的诊断和预后预测价值无可厚非。但是,NT-proBNP并不是完美无缺的标志物。大量研究着力于寻找其他指标与NT-proBNP联合使用。在急性心力衰竭患者中,有报道将HCT、CRP、血红蛋白浓度、ST2、氧化三甲胺、细胞凋亡活性作为联合指标,表明联合检测可提高预测价值[11,13-15]。但是,目前并无一致方案,仍不断努力寻找新指标。Ghrelin是Kojima最早在大鼠胃黏膜中发现,血液中的大部分Ghrelin来源于胃肠道,少部分由心血管系统合成。心脏及血管内皮细胞能够检测出Ghrelin配体,胃肠道来源的Ghrelin以及循环系统分泌的Ghrelin均可能作用对应配体产生作用[16]。Ghrelin目前已被证实存在多种抗心衰机制,包括抑制交感神经活性、改善心脏重塑、抑制凋亡、抗恶病质、抗氧化、抗炎等[17-21]。一项Meta分析显示,大鼠给予外源性Ghrelin治疗后,死亡率明显降低[22]。在慢性心力衰竭患者中,有项两年随访研究报道,因心衰再入院、恶性心律失常及全因死亡事件组内源性Ghrelin水平低于非事件组,生存分析表明,高Ghrelin组生存曲线高于低Ghrelin组[9]。在心力衰竭患者的诊断、治疗及预后预测方面,Ghrelin有较大的潜在价值。Ghrelin在急性心力衰竭患者中的预后价值是否与慢性心力衰竭患者一致,尚无报道。本研究结果显示,高NT-proBNP组全因死亡率高于低NT-proBNP组(P<0.05),低Ghrelin组全因死亡率高于高Ghrelin组(P<0.05)。生存分析显示,高Ghrelin组的中位生存时间长于低Ghrelin组(P<0.05),低NT-proBNP组的中位生存时间长于高NT-proBNP组(P<0.05)。低Ghrelin高NT-proBNP组死亡风险为高Ghrelin低NT-proBNP组的5.346倍。
综上所述,在急性心力衰竭中,低Ghrelin、高NT-proBNP水平的患者预后较差。但因本研究样本量较少,且因手机号码变更、患者不配合导致失访率高,尚需大样本、多中心、前瞻性研究进一步论证。
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(收稿日期:2021-03-29) (本文編辑:张爽)