核心素养框架下学生英语学习能力培养的探索

刘梦晴

摘要：一直以来，英语科目都是大多数学生的薄弱科目，不少学生仅仅是为了做题而做题，没有变通能力。尤其新课程改革后，基于对学生核心素养的培养，对英语试题也作了相应的调整，改动最大的地方就在于将笔试部分原本的【单项选择】题型改成了【语法选择】题型，其次就是【读写综合】部分将原本的【信息归纳】题改成了【回答问题】题型。题型的的改动对学生读写的能力提出了更高的要求，同时也更能培养学生的语篇把握能力。但是从往次学生练习、测试的情况来看，学生在做题时并不能学以致用、融会贯通。学生是课堂的主体，也是测试中的被考察对象，一直以来学生都是被动测试由出题者给出的题目，仅仅将做题当作一次练习而不能深刻理解出题人的出题意图。在本文中，将以人教版八年级下册Unit7 课文Qomolangma - the Most Dangerous Mountains in the World 为例，探讨在教师的引领下，如何指引学生感受测试中出题人的意图，进而提高学生核心素养中的读写素养。

关键词：高效课堂;课程改革;读写素养

一、核心素养框架下的读写素养

2014年教育部研制印发《关于全面深化课程改革落实立德树人根本任务的意见》，提出“教育部将组织研究提出各学段学生发展核心素养体系，明确学生应具备的适应终身发展和社会发展需要的必备品格和关键能力”。而英语学科核心素养主要包括：语言能力、文化品格、思维品质和学习能力等四个方面。读与写是中学生英语学习重要组成部分，对于英语学科来说，培养中学生英语学习的读写素养成为英语教师的重要教学任务之一。

英语学习中的读写素养要求中学生能够流利地阅读、理解英文，掌握必要的语法知识点，同时能够以书面形式准确地完成作文要求，没有或很少有语法错误。但真正能达到这种水平的学生少之又少。基于当前学生死做题、做死题的现状，笔者从教学经验出发，探索一种新的教学方式，即让学生转换角色，从做题人到做出题人，让学生去体会出题人的意图，培养他们的做题感悟，加强学生对知识点的理解，提高自身的读写素养。

二、案例分析

对学生学情的把握是设计题目的前提。笔者将以人教版八年级下册Unit7 课文Qomolangma - the Most Dangerous Mountains in the World 为例，探讨提升学生读写素养的具体方法。文章原文如下：

Qomolangma--the Most Dangerous Mountain in the World？

One of the world’s most dangerous sports is mountain climbing， and one of the most popular places for this is the Himalayas. The Himalayas run along the southwestern part of China. Of all the mountains， Qomolangma rises the highest and is the most famous. It is 8，844.43meters high and so is very dangerous to climb. Thick clouds cover the top and snow can fall very hard. Even more serious difficulties include freezing weather conditions and heavy storms.It is also very hard to take in air as you get near the top.

The first people to reach the top were Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary on May 29，1953. The first Chinese team did so in 1960， while the  first woman to succeed was Junko Tabei from Japan in 1975.

Why do so many climbers risk their lives？ One of the main reasons is that people want to challenge themselves in the face of difficulties.

The spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up trying to achieve our dreams. It also shows that humans can sometimes be stronger than the forces of nature.

這是一篇科普性文章，主要介绍了珠穆朗玛峰的相关信息，下面笔者就以这篇文章为例，分别设计【语法选择】、【完形填空】、【阅读理解】、【短文填空】和【读写综合】等题型，引导学生自我设计题目，从而强化自身对知识点的理解和把握。

1、语法选择

语法选择题是2020年广东新增的考试题型，即将以往的单项选择题改成了以篇章为依托、具有完形填空形式的选择题。但语法选择与完形填空的不同之处在于，语法选择着重在于考查学生对语法知识点的掌握，而完形填空则强调学生对文章的理解。在设计语法选择题前，要同学生共同复习初中英语的语法点主要包括：名词、代词、冠词、数词、介词、连词、形容词和副词、动词、主谓一致、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句。了解了需要考察哪些知识点才能在设计题目时做到有的放矢。基于这样的设计要求，教师可引导学生设计学生们自己的【语法选择】题。以下是笔者基于该篇课文设计的语法选择，供师生交流参考。

语法选择（每题1分，共10分）

One of the world’s most dangerous sports is mountain climbing， and one of 1.themostpopular places for this is the Himalayas. The Himalayas runalong the southwestern part of China. Of all the mountains， Qomolangma rises the 2.highestand is the most famous. It is 8，844.43meters high and so is very dangerous to climb. Thick clouds cover the top and snow3.can fall very hard. Even more serious difficulties include freezing weather conditions and heavy storms. It is also very hard to take in air 4.asyou get near the top.

The first people 5.to reach the top were Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary 6.onMay 29，1953. The first Chinese team did so in 1960，545 while the first woman to succeed was Junko Tabei from Japan in 1975.

Why do so many climbers risk their lives？ One of the main reasons 7.is that people want to challenge8.themselves in the face of difficulties.

The spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up tryingto achieve our dreams. It also 9.shows that 10.humans can sometimes be stronger thanthe forces of nature.

在本例中，筆者在原文中选取了最常考察的冠词、代词、名词、形容词/副词、连词、动词（情态动词、动词的时态、非谓语动词）、连词以及介词进行挖空练习。同时要求学生根据自己做题的经验，按照这种方式设计他们自己的语法选择题，然后拿题目考察自己的学生。

2、完形填空

【完形填空】题型与【语法选择】题型形式相同，但所考察的重点却不尽相同。【完形填空】是一种障碍性阅读，着重在于考察学生对于文章内容的整体理解以及对语言的综合性把握。它既考查对语法，词汇，习语，句型，搭配等基础知识的综合运用能力，又考查对短文的阅读理解能力，其中包括在具体的语境中灵活运用语言知识的能力，根据试题内容进行正确的逻辑推理，综合判断和分析概括的能力。即使是优生，在完成【完形填空】时也很难拿到满分。引导学生自我设计一篇【完形填空】对学生加深对完形填空题型的理解，培养学生灵活运用语言的能力至关重要。以下是笔者就课文Qomolangma - the Most Dangerous Mountains in the World 而设计的【完形填空】，供师生交流参考。

One of the world’s most dangerous sports is mountain climbing， and one of the most popular places for this is the Himalayas. The Himalayas 1.run along the southwestern part of China. Of all the mountains， Qomolangma rises the highest and is the most famous. It is 8，844.43meters high and so is very dangerous 2.to climb. Thick clouds cover the top and snow can fall very3.hard. Even more serious difficulties include freezing weather conditions and 4.heavy storms.It is also very hard to take in air as you get near the 5.top.

The first people to reach the top were Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary on May 29，1953. The first Chinese team did so in 1960， 6.whilethe 7.firstwoman to succeed was Junko Tabei from Japan in 1975.

Why do so many climbers risk their lives？ One of the main reasons is that people want to challenge themselves in the face of difficulties.

The 8.spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up trying to achieve our dreams. It 9.also shows that humans can 10.sometimes be stronger than the forces of nature.

本題笔者主要基于文章原文有选择性地挖空，考察学生对原文的理解以及学生的语言应用能力。以本题为例，也同时要求学生以出题人的身份做了同样的练习，加深学生对完形填空题型的理解和感悟，帮助学生找到【完形填空】题型的解题技巧和思路。

阅读理解

阅读理解是英语测试中的重点题型，在一份试卷中占有重要分值。该题型看似着重着重考察学生的阅读能力和理解能力，实则是对学生英语素养的全方位考察。学生只有在读懂的基础上才能真正理解文章的 “main idea” or “what can you infer from the last sentence in the last paragraph”这种类型的题目。但英语阅读理解涉及到自然、社会、科技、文化等的方方面面，同时又包含了记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等各种文体，本文并不能够一一赘述。本篇课文是一篇典型的说明文，文中包含有大篇幅对珠穆朗玛峰基本情况的介绍，故在题目设计上可设计细节理解题、句意猜测题、推理判断题和主旨大意题等题型。以下是本人根据课文引领学生所设计的题目，供师生交流参考。

One of the world’s most dangerous sports is mountain climbing， and one of the most popular places for this is the Himalayas. The Himalayas run along the southwestern part of China. Of all the mountains， Qomolangma rises the highest and is the most famous. It is 8，844.43 meters high and so is very dangerous to climb. Thick clouds cover the top and snow can fall very hard. Even more serious difficulties include freezing weather conditions and heavy storms.It is also very hard to take in air as you get near the top.

The first people to reach the top were Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary on May 29， 1953. The first Chinese team did so in 1960， while the first woman to succeed was Junko Tabei from Japan in 1975.

Why do so many climbers risk their lives？ One of the main reasons is that people want to challenge themselves in the face of difficulties.

The spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up trying to achieve our dreams. It also shows that humans can sometimes be stronger than the forces of nature.

Where is the Himalayas？

It runs along the northeastern part of China

It runs along the southwestern part of China

It runs along the western part of China

It runs along the eastern part of China

How high is Qomolangma？

More than 9000 meters high

Lower than 8844 meters

8，844.43 meters

8800 meters

Why Qomolangmais very dangerous to climb？

It’s very high

Its top is covered with thick clouds and heavy snow

It has freezing weather conditions and heavy storms

All of the above

Which of the following is TRUE？

Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary reached the top on May 29，1953

The first woman to succeed was Junko Tabei from China in 1975

People risk their lives to reach the top just for fun

humans can always be stronger than the forces of nature

What is the main idea of the passage？

Qomolangma is the most dangerous mountain in the world

Qomolangma is famous all over the world

Only a few people succeed in reaching the top of Qomolangma

The forces of nature can be defeated by human

对阅读理解题型的设计当然不仅仅是笔者所呈现的这几种，教师可以根据阅读理解的文章类型引导学生设置不同的问题以加深学生对阅读理解题型的理解和解题方法的感悟。

短文填空

短文填空是大部分学生的失分点，其在考察学生英语语言素养方面与与语法选择和完形填空题型有相似之处，同时需要考察学生对语法知识点的掌握和对文章大意的理解。所不同的是，短文填空是以填空题的形式呈现，在考察学生语法和阅读能力的同时还要考察学生的单词拼写能力，难度相对更高。十个空的考察内容包含了冠词、名词、动词、形容词、副词、连词、介词，以及宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等语法知识点，在考察以上知识点的同时还要保持与文章内容保持整体一贯性，因此还考察了学生的阅读理解能力。以下是笔者根据本篇课文所设计的短文填空题，供师生交流参考。

One of the world’s most 1.dangerous sports is mountain climbing， and one of the most popular places for this is the Himalayas. The Himalayas run 2.along the southwestern part of China. 3.Of all the mountains， Qomolangma rises the 4.highest and is the most famous. It is 8，844.43 meters high and so is very dangerous to climb. Thick clouds 5.cover the top and snow can fall very hard. Even more serious difficulties include freezing weather conditions and heavy storms. 6.It is also very hard to take in air as you get near the top.

The first people to reach the top were Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary on May 29，1953. 7.The first Chinese team did so in 1960， 8.while the first woman to succeed was Junko Tabei from Japan in 1975.

Why do so many climbers risk their lives？ One of the main 9.reasons is that people want to challenge themselves in the face of difficulties.

The spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up trying to 10.achieve our dreams. It also shows that humans can sometimes be stronger than the forces of nature.

对学生来说，短文填空题型难就难在这些空白处需要根据上下文去进行逻辑推断，同时还要保证单词拼写无误。在日常的教学中，教师可试行这种教学方法，引导学生自己出题，锻炼学生对短文填空的理解力和感悟力，提高学习效率。

读写综合

读写综合题型分为两个部分：A. 根据短文回答问题;B. 书面表达。顾名思义，该部分重在考察学生的阅读理解能力和书面表达能力。其中A部分是由之前的【信息归纳】题型改革而成，改变了提问问题的方式和回答问题的方式。改革后的【回答问题】题型更加注重考察学生的书面表达能力，学生不仅要读懂问句，还要根据问句给出正确的答案，同时保证所表达的句子语法结构是正确的。因此A部分与阅读理解之间的不同就在于考察形式上的不同。而B部分的书面表达则与之前相同，这里不作过多赘述。以下是本人设计的读写综合，供师生交流参考。

根据短文内容回答问题。（原文在上文）

Where is the Himalayas？

How high is Qomolangma？

Why Qomolangma is very dangerous to climb？

When did the first Chinese team reach the top of Qomolangma？

Can humans sometimes be stronger than the forces of nature？

书面表达

大自然是人类赖以生存的根本，当今自然环境恶化，生态环境遭到严重破坏。每个人都应该行動起来保护大自然，保护地球母亲。请你谈一谈在日常生活中该如何保护自然环境。

作文要求：1. 不能照抄原文;不得在作文中出现学校真实的名称和学生的真实姓名。2. 语句连贯，80词左右。

B部分的设计要引导学生考虑对文章文体的把握，在问题设计上和作文题目设计上统筹兼顾。

三、总结

本文主要是以人教版八年级下册Unit7 Qomolangma - the Most Dangerous Mountains in the World 课文为例，在教师的引导下，引导学生成为出题人，带领学生以本篇课文为基础，设计出一套完整的试卷。本篇文章是说明文，以本文为例，教师可选择其他类型的文体进行训练，从一个新的视角，培养学生的英语读写素养。

新课程改革更加注重学生的读写素养，测试中的【语法选择】、【完形填空】、【阅读理解】、【短文填空】和【读写综合】题都对学生的读写能力提出了极大的挑战。教师在教学过程中要尝试引领学生转变自己被考察者的角色，利用教材中或者练习中比较具有代表性的文章引导学生成为出题者，通过这一角色的转变，加深学生对所学知识点的掌握，同时体会出题人的考察意图。在这样的教学尝试下，真正让学生做学习的主体，发挥教师引领者的作用，提高学生的读写素养。

参考文献

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[3]李秀云. 核心素养下的初中英语课堂[J].教海探航： 1212期： 35

[4]张泰刚. 初中英语语篇阅读材料补充的实践与思考1[J].英语教师： 2019 （2）