高中学生自主命制英语语法填空题案例

◎ 于筱睿

一、学生自主命题的背景

自2014 年，上海英语高考中的基于单句考查语法知识的单项选择题被取消，由以语篇形式呈现的“语法填空”取代。这一变化与《普通高中英语课程标准》(2017)的要求相契合:英语教学应围绕语篇进行。

新要求和新题型，不仅提醒教师们及时转变语法教学的理念，也更关注学生们是否能在真实的语言情景中正确使用语法。以上海高考英语试卷为例，语法填空题由十个填空组成，考查的语法知识涉及动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级、主从复合句及其他功能词。其中，在考查前三个语法点时给出提示词，通常是动词、形容词或副词的原形，其余题目只设一到三个空格，无提示词。

在平时的教学中，笔者发现学生经常因为没搞清“语法填空”的考查内容而犯错。为了让学生对语法填空题的考查要求和考查范围有更明确的认识，笔者尝试让学生转变身份，从被动做题转向主动出题，尝试以小组的形式进行自主命题。

二、学生自主命题的流程

为保证学生能够顺利完成自主命题任务并实现既定的教学目标，笔者将命题任务拆解细分为以下六个环节:研读语篇、分组、出题、说题、评题和修题。

1.研读语篇

此次学生命题的原始语料取自微信公众号“中国日报双语新闻”于2020 年8 月23 日“夜听双语”板块推送的一篇文章，标题为《外卖平台叫你别浪费食物:推出“半份菜”服务》。该语篇英文原文共373 个单词，FK 可读性指数为13.3，难度略高于高中教材文本。话题有关“珍惜粮食，按需点餐”，既是近期新闻事实热点，也与学生日常生活息息相关。

为辅助学生做好命题前的准备，笔者首先布置学生独立阅读学习该语篇，扫清文本中的生词障碍，有意识地圈划并积累其中出现的高中阶段的高频词汇、短语，并摘抄2-3 句长难句，进行句子结构分析。

在评阅积累作业时，笔者发现学生对这类课外语篇的阅读热情很高。不少同学将原来文本重新编辑排版打印，并用彩笔精心做笔记。学生们对文本的用心解读为自主命题的任务开了个好头。

2.分组

为了让不同英语水平的学生都能参与命题，笔者事先规定了各个小组的规模和成员结构。班级48 位同学被分成了六组，先让学生自荐或他荐出六位小组长。组员由组长选出，要求小组内包含英语成绩有参差的组员。让英语水平较高的同学在小组中发挥带头作用，也能使后进的同学在小组合作中发现自己的知识盲区，及时查漏补缺。

3.出题

“出题”组织分工工作由组长负责。教师提示他们去细化出题任务，强化小组每位成员的个人责任。以下展示两个小组的命题:

例1:

Last week Meituan co-published a proposal with a number of business organizations，calling on restaurants to stop food waste and help cultivate new eating habits for customers.

“Restaurants should innovate means of publicity using official accounts (1)_______social media and live-streaming to promote and advocate food-saving actions，”the proposal said.

Meituan and the organizations are advocating that merchants offer guidance for consumers，(2)_______(include) reminding them during the ordering process about the taste of the ingredients，portion sizes and other information about the dishes，to help them avoid food waste(3)_______misleading information.The Wuhan Catering Association (4)________(propose) an“N-1”ordering code for restaurants (5)a group of 10 diners would only order enough for nine people.More food is only brought to the table if required.

To curb portrayals of food waste on social media platforms，popular Chinese video platforms (6)_______________Douyin and Kuaishou have stepped up content reviews of food-related live streams and implemented regulation of online eating shows.

Now (7)________users search certain keywords，such as“eating show”or“competitive eaters”，a cautionary message pops up to remind them to cherish food and maintain a reasonable diet.

Across the country，about 40% of all the food Americans buy ends up in the trash.The state of Vermont has long been a leader in environmental issues.Now it has just doubled down on its bid to get Vermonters (8)________(rethink) their relationship with food and waste.

As of July 1st，it became the first state in the nation to make it illegal for residents to throw their food scraps into the trash.That means everyone in the state ——from businesses (9)_______residents-(10)________now keep their food waste out of the garbage.

(命题学生提供参考答案:1.on 2.including 3.due to 4.proposed 5.in which 6.such as 7.if8.to rethink 9.to 10.must)

例2:

Last week Meituan co-published a proposal with a number of business organizations，calling on restaurants to stop food waste and help cultivate new eating habits for customers.It claimed that (1)________must be done to deal with the problem of endless wasting.Meituan，together with some other organizations，(2)_______(advocate) that merchants offer guidance for consumers，including reminding them during the ordering process about the taste of the ingredients，portion sizes and other information about the dishes to help them avoid food waste (3)_______misleading information.

On Friday the China Cuisine Association announced that it (4)_______(team) up with Ele.me，the Alibaba Group Holding-owned food delivery platform to launch a“half-dish plan”，appealing to restaurants to offer smaller portions of dishes (5)________different customers.

The Wuhan Catering Association proposed an“N-1”ordering code for restaurants (6)_______a group of 10 diners would only order enough for nine people.More food is only brought to the table if(7)_______(require).

The problem also exists (8)_______the living standard is high.In America，about 40% of the citizens seldom cook the leftovers for (9)_______second time.The state of Vermont has long been a leader in environmental issues.Now it has just doubled down on its bid to get Vermonters to rethink their relationship with food and waste.

As of July 1st，it became the first state (10)_______made it illegal for residents to throw their food scraps into the trash.That means everyone in the state ——from businesses to residents-must now keep their food out of the garbage.

(命题学生提供参考答案:1.something 2.has advocated/is advocating 3.because of/due to 4.teamed/had teamed 5.to 6.where 7.required 8.where 9.a 10.that)

4.说题

命题完成后，每组代表在课堂上向全班展示命题成果。说题主要说两方面:小组内的分工合作情况和命题思路。

例1 的组长很自豪地介绍这是8 位组员合作的成果。在他的组织下，每位成员至少贡献了一个空，最后由他将组员的题目整合:删去重复的考点、调整空格间的间隔。

例2 的组长说他们命题过程不太常规。在他布置任务前，一位成员主动独立地完成了整套命题。此刻，他意识到自己的“失职”让组员们失去了一次参与自主命题的机会，希望能重新命题。

5.评题

点评题目是命题的重要环节，这次点评的主角还是学生。学生仍以原来的命题小组为单位，以下是对课堂上几位同学的发言的转写:

生1:例1 基本保留了原文结构的完整性，但空1、3、6、9 均考查了介词或介词短语，整篇语法填空考查范围有限。另外，空3 应提供其他备选答案。

生2:例1 虽在保留了文章逻辑完整性，但忽视了对一些超纲单词的改写，比如curb the portrayal，catering 等。建议对这些生词进行替换或改写整句。

生3:例2 的第二空，将原文的Meituan and the organizations are advocating that 改写成了Meituan，together with some other organizations，(2)________(advocate) that。通过更改句子的主语，考查很多同学容易忽略的主谓一致的考点，属实精妙。此空的参考答案也不局限于原文的进行时态is advocating，还补充了现在完成时has advocated，非常合理。

生4:例2 对原文进行了删减和改写，删除了与考点不相关的描写文字，也为达到考查范围的全面，对原文做了适当的改编。如第十空，原文是it became the first state in the nation to make it illegal for residents to throw their food scraps into the trash，用动词不定式to make it illegal 来修饰名词短语the first state。命题人很巧妙地将不定式做定语改成定语从句作定语:it became the first state (10)_______made it illegal for residents to throw their food scraps into the trash，顺利地将定语从句纳入考查范围，并且该空中的先行词由序数词first 修饰，正是许多同学容易忽视的知识点。

教师在学生点评前，虽有千言万语，也不要急于表达，将宝贵的机会留给学生。在学生点评后，教师可以补充点评，并通过举例，带领全班对部分题目进行完善。例如，针对例1 中“重复考查介词”的问题，可以删除原第9 题，在同一段的句首对形式宾语it进行挖空，这样既不破坏各题间的间隔，也弥补了未考查“代词”的空缺。

6.修题

评题后，笔者鼓励各个命题小组当天对原题进行修改。以下列节选例1 的修改版:

保留了原先的第2、3、5、6、7、8、10 空，新增了以下3 空。

“(1)_______restaurants should do is to innovate means of publicity using official accounts on social media and live-streaming to promote and advocate food-saving actions，”the proposal said.

On Friday the China Cuisine Association announced that it (4)_______(team) up with Ele.me，to launch a“half-dish plan”.

As of July 1st，it became the first state in the nation to make (9)________illegal for residents to throw their food scraps into the trash.(命题学生提供参考答案:1.what 4.had teamed9.it10.must)

从学生修改后的版本不难看出，针对课堂上同学和老师提出的问题做了相应修改。此外，他们自己还注意到名词性从句考查的缺失，通过改写原文创造性地命制了第1 题，让人眼前一亮。

三、总结与反思

在学生自主命题过程中，教师应充当怎样的角色? 本次命题活动的目标是否达成? 在命题活动结束后，笔者就以上问题进行了总结和反思。

教师应舍得“放手”。虽然命题本身对学生的能力要求较高，但只要给足学习、思考、讨论、修改的时间和机会，学生是可以胜任的。

虽然是学生自主命题，教师不可“袖手旁观”。在学生命题前，教师应当做好组织者，说明命题的要求和流程。在说题和评题时，教师要有甘当“绿叶”的觉悟，让学生掌握话语权，保持他们合作探究学习的积极性和创造性。

命题活动后，学生们纷纷表示通过这次活动，他们会主动地去总结语法填空的重难点。有些学生甚至很自信地说:“下次做题，我一定能看穿出题者的意图!”

自主命题让学生从“被考者”摇身一变成了掌握主动权的“命题者”。小组合作的命题形式既降低了任务的难度，也给学生提供了交流的机会。在融洽的合作学习中，他们夯实了学科基础知识，也感受了团队协作的力量。当然，学生自主命题的实效性还需在实践中进一步证实。