涎腺超声在原发性干燥综合征中的应用价值
2021-03-15刘丽李延萍吴斌
刘丽 李延萍 吴斌
[摘要] 原发性干燥综合征(pSS)是一种临床常见的自身免疫性疾病,主要侵犯唾液腺和泪腺等外分泌腺体。目前常用的检查包括腮腺造影、腮腺核素显像、唇腺活检等。近年来涎腺超声(SGU)发展迅速,较传统的检查方法有着简便、经济、无创、易于操作和推广等优势,本文就SGU在pSS诊疗中的应用及研究进展进行综述。从pSS的SGU成像特征探讨其诊断价值;从SGU评分与临床症状、实验室指标的联系来分析预后;从治疗后唾液腺的回声改变分析SGU用于疗效监测和随访的可行性。
[关键词] 干燥综合征;涎腺超声;诊断;疗效;随访
[Abstract] Primary sjgren's syndrome(pSS) is a common autoimmune disease in clinic, which mainly invades salivary glands and lacrimal glands. At present, the commonly used examinations include parotid radiography, parotid radionuclide imaging, lip gland biopsy and so on. Salivary gland ultrasonography(SGU) has developed rapidly in recent years. Compared with traditional examination methods, SGU has the advantages of simplicity, economy, non-invasion, easy operation and wide popularization. This article reviews the application and research progress of SGU in diagnosis and treatment of pSS. The diagnostic value of pSS was discussed from its SGU imaging features. The prognosis was analyzed from the relationship between SGU score and clinical symptoms and laboratory indicators. The feasibility of SGU in curative effect monitoring and follow-up was analyzed from the echo changes of salivary glands after treatment.
[Key words] Sjogren's syndrome; Salivary gland ultrasonography; Diagnosis; Efficacy; Follow-up
原發性干燥综合征(Primary sjgren's syndrome,pSS)是一个多种病因相互作用的慢性炎症性自身免疫性疾病,以口腔和眼部干燥为主要特征[1]。在其病理变化过程中,主要表现为唾液腺等腺体的导管管腔异常,腺上皮细胞呈进行性破坏或萎缩、功能受损,小血管壁或血管周围炎症细胞浸润致使局部组织供血不足[2]。小唾液腺活检是pSS诊断的重要手段,但不适合重复随访[3]。迄今为止,有多种成像技术可用于评估腮腺(如唾液造影、唾液腺闪烁显像术等);然而这些技术受到其侵入性或高成本的限制[4]。涎腺超声(Salivary gland ultrasonography,SGU)已经在pSS中使用,并发现能与造影显像和MRI相媲美;该方法主要优点为迅速性、可重复性和低成本[5]。SGU检查手段也有多种,包括灰阶超声、多普勒超声、脉冲频谱多普勒(Pulsed wave doppler,PW)等,其可以观察涎腺的形态、回声、质地、侧后声影、境界和包膜,提供病变部位的血流特征。非侵入性的SGU在pSS的诊断中发挥着重要作用,对唾液腺结构异常的直接可视化有利于对腺实质的回声、同质性、纤维化和钙化进行分类,其已广泛用于评估pSS涎腺的病变和治疗反应[6-7]。本文就SGU的应用价值及研究进展综述如下。
1 干燥综合征患者的超声涎腺成像特征
1.1 评分系统
1992年,De[8]等指出SGU在干燥综合征(Sjgren's syndrome,SS)诊断中具有潜在价值;该研究发现腺体回声不均是SS的特征性表现,并按不均匀程度、低回声结节大小提出0~4分涎腺超声评分(SGU scoring system,SGUS)分别对4个腺体进行评分。0分:正常腺体,回声均匀;1分:轻度不均匀;2分:明显不均匀,低回声结节<2 mm;3分:低回声结节直径2~6 mm;4分:低回声结节>6 mm。取最高值为最终值,以≥2分为界诊断性能较好;但应排除同样表现为不均匀回声的急性腮腺炎。后来,多位学者有不同报道,如Fidelix等[6]简化评分系统,按0~4等级分级,0级=正常,1级=没有回声带的小低回声区,2级=回声<2 mm的多个低回声区条带,3级=多个2~6 mm低回声区域,具有高回声带,4级=多个>6 mm低回声区域或多重钙化,具有回声带。而Theander等[9]将实质同质性按0~3分级:0=完全均匀,1=轻度不均匀,2=明显不均匀,3=总不均匀,4个唾液腺的总分为最终得分。近年来,国内外学者在0~4分SGUS基础上将评分条目更细致化,提出10~12、0~16、0~48分SGUS[10-11];但因操作相对复杂、对操作者技术及经验要求高,且临界值存在争议而未像0~4分SGUS 得到广泛应用[12-13]。鉴于0~4评分系统比其他系统具有更少的异质性,且操作简单、时间短,因此可用作通用的SGU诊断标准[7]。由上可知,简化的0~4级评分系统敏感性更高,操作方便,易于在pSS中推广使用。
1.2 成像特征
SS的涎腺成像特征随疾病的阶段而变化。李居献等[14]将pSS涎腺特征总结如下:①随着疾病的发展,腺体大小及形态发生变化、轮廓模糊;②实质回声局灶性及弥散性低回声变化;③血流信号发生改变。且Lee等[15]发现与没有明确SGU结构异常的患者相比,晚期pSS患者的腮腺和下颌下腺体积更小,功率多普勒信号降低更多。同时,齐晅等[16]研究得出唾液腺的回声不均及低回声结节是pSS最有意义的征象。其他研究也论证了pSS涎腺超声的唯一特质是实质异质性,定义为存在低/无回声区或高回声区域[17],体积增大或减小以及气管周围腺淋巴结的存在;所有异质腺均显示出更多的血流信号[18-19]。综上可得,pSS患者涎腺超声的成像特征如下:早期为回声的轻度不均匀性伴或不伴血流信号;中期弥漫性回声不均伴多发低回声结节(直径多小于6 mm),血流信号增多;晚期纤维化萎缩或多发结节(直径>6 mm),而血流信号随着疾病进展逐渐减少。
2 涎腺超声对pSS的诊断价值
2.1 较高的敏感度
自1972年Maridis首先将超声用于腮腺检查以来,超声已成为诊断唾液腺疾病的重要手段之一。小唾液腺的唾液造影和活检是诊断SS的既定和客观检查,然而这些程序的有创性和并发症限制了它们的临床用途。研究表明SGU是同造影及唇腺活检高度一致的,具有很高的pSS诊断准确度[7,20]。过去20年发表的大量研究报告显示,超声对pSS诊断的敏感性为70%,特异性>90%[21]。Shimizu等[22]比较去氧葡萄糖正子断层造影(FDG-PET)、CT、MRI、超声检查唾液腺的灵敏度、特异性和准确性,超声显示最高水平;并且多项研究结果均显示,无论使用何种分级系统,SGUS都具有高度特异性且总是具有>60%的灵敏度,有助于pSS的诊断,可有效地纳入将来的分类标准。如Cornec等[23]研究发现,在2012年美国风湿病学会(ACR)分类标准中增加SGUS后,其敏感性从64.4%提高到84.4%,特异性不变。SGUS可以同时适用于SS的AECG和ACR/EULAR分类标准,腮腺的SGUS具有更高的特异性,而下颌下腺的敏感性更高[24]。Le等[25]将疑似pSS患者接受包括SGUS在内的标准化评估,结果表明SGUS作为客观评估外分泌腺受累的替代程序可进一步提高敏感性。还有研究发现,将SGUS作为ACR/EULAR2016分类标准的内容,可将敏感性从90.2%提高到95.6%,而不改变特异性[26]。此外,腮腺薄壁组织中的血管信息可能是超声诊断SS的另一客观征象。血管异常与组织病理学分级有关,但与唾液谱分级无关。通过增加血管信息,SGUS的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别从44%、97%和65%变为63%、90%和74%。并且SGUS的诊断特性没有跟随疾病时间而变化,可以早期发现pSS唾液腺的异常[23,27-28]。可见SGUS能提高pSS诊断的灵敏度。
2.2 良好的诊断性能
SGU是诊断SS的高度特异性的成像方法。Baldini等[29]比较了SGUS与小唾液腺活检和未受刺激的唾液流量的诊断性能,结果证实SGUS可将pSS与继发性SS区别开来,对pSS的早期诊断表现出良好的性能。SGUS临界值≥1时诊断pSS的特异性为98%,阳性预测值为97%,阴性预测值为73%。Luciano等[30]也指出SGU是辨别pSS与未分化结缔组织疾病及干燥症状不符合SS标准的患者的有用工具,将SGUS截断评分设置为>2时诊断SS的特异性为96%,阳性预测值为95%,阴性预测值为73%。此外,在对小唾液腺组织病理学和大唾液腺超声检查的盲法回顾性研究中,SGUS与组织病理学的总体一致性为91%[31]。后来,Takagi 等[32]回顾性评估了联合使用SGUS和2016年美国风湿病学会/欧洲抗风湿病联盟(ACR/EULAR)分类标准的有效性,对于原发性和继发性SS,诊断准确率分别为77%和79%。最近,王娇娇等[33]将SGU与实时剪切波弹性成像两者联合诊断pSS,使敏感性(88.2%)和准确率(86.8%)均明显提高,特异性又无明显下降(90.6%)。但弹性成像过程中预先加压等因素均会影响检查结果,致使SGU的诊断效能在各个研究中变化较大[34]。简言之,SGUS使用四个主要唾液腺的等级总和表现出最佳的诊断性能,对主要唾液腺的实质不均匀性进行评分是最简单的方法[35-36]。总之,SGUS可用于诊断pSS并改善分类标准的诊断性能,但仍缺乏广泛认可的国际标准。
3 涎腺超声对pSS的预测价值
唾液腺的详细评估对于预测淋巴瘤的风险至关重要[37]。大量研究支持SGUS对pSS患者的预后分层有用,通常下颌下腺的病理變化比腮腺更早,并经常伴有腮腺变化。而且SGUS与pSS患者的血清学检查阳性率、疾病活动性及淋巴瘤风险呈正相关,例如唾液腺肿胀、皮肤血管炎,唾液腺组织活检中的生发中心样结构及CD4+ T淋巴细胞减少症等发生率更高[9,38-39]。如Hammenfors等[40]发现患者的干燥、疲劳和血清学改变的程度与SGU上严重的实质改变有关。在选定的pSS患者中,SGUS与唾液腺炎症呈正相关,与其功能呈负相关[41]。Fidelix等[6]研究发现SGU评分为1分或2分的患者显示出比评分为3分或4分的患者更高的唾液流量,且抗Ro/SSA组的评分高于抗La/SSB组,提出SGU可作为需要更密切随访的患者的有用工具。此外,SGU评分较高的患者发生系统并发症的频率也更高[42]。在最近的队列研究中系统受累患者的涎腺受累更为严重,SGU评分异常的患者具有较高的抗Ro/SSA和/或抗La/SSB阳性率、ANA阳性率、RF阳性率和高球蛋白血症[30,43]。高SGU评分对中/高度的ESSDAI和SSDAI具有较高的预测价值[44]。可见SGU评分高的患者因预后不良的风险增加而需要更加密切地随访。在pSS疾病活动性和损害评估中,建议定期进行唾液腺超声检查,以提供腺实质状态的补充视图并监测淋巴瘤的发展。
4 涎腺超聲在治疗及随访中的应用
4.1 疗效评价
在治疗研究中,超声也可能被视为参数或终点[40]。Jousse-Joulin等[45]在第1次利妥昔单抗输注前后6个月分别使用B模式成像和脉冲多普勒评估pSS唾液腺回声结构和血管情况,结果支持一些唾液腺回声变化的可逆性,但并未显著改变唾液腺大小及血管情况,该研究首次证实了pSS治疗后SGU的变化。Takagi等[46]进一步研究表明,SGUS的严重程度还与对口干症治疗的反应有关,SGUS的改善可能表明具有治疗效果。Cornec等[21]也发现接受利妥昔单抗治疗的患者6个月后的SGUS改善,提示唾液腺病变是可逆的。后来,Fisher等[47]比较利妥昔单抗与安慰剂对pSS中SGUS的影响,也显示出利妥昔单抗组超声评分的显著改善。国内学者在SGUS疗效评价方面也有研究,如徐江喜[48]探讨瘀毒证pSS患者接受活血解毒方治疗前后SGU的变化,与对照组相比,治疗组SGU评分及相关指标均有改善。又如徐丽萍等[49]探究益气消毒方对SS患者腮腺病变的影响,以益气消毒方加减治疗3个月以上,且治疗前后均行涎腺超声检查;结果显示pSS患者出现SGUS改变的比例显著高于继发性SS,证明SGU在评价益气消毒方对pSS的治疗效果方面有价值。以上研究支持SGU在监测pSS临床治疗效果方面的有用性,可在这方面进行更多的研究以增加一种新的疗效评估手段。
4.2 随访
超声在选择需要进一步随访的患者中也具有一定作用;鉴于唾液腺组织学测量的可重复性,SGU作为潜在的测量组织病理学标准化的进一步验证工作是非常需要且必要的[4,18,50]。Gazeau等[18]发现在对可疑pSS患者进行初步评估后近两年的随访中,使用半定量评分评估的SGUS均未发生明显变化。而张雪珍等[51]对pSS患者给予硫唑嘌呤治疗后6、12个月进行随访,结果显示早期组患者治疗后涎腺均有缩小,晚期组未见明显变化;血流动力学变化幅度不大。Lee等[52]将pSS患者进行了基线SGU扫描,并在两年后进行随访,评估半定量SGUS(0~48)和腺内血流信号;pSS患者的SGUS提高了18.6%。同质性和低回声区域是显示出明显进展的区域,腺体内血管过多与唾液腺异常恶化相关,这为pSS的腺体进展提供了潜在的预测指标。此外,当监测pSS的活动性或进展时,建议在每个时间点由同一位检查者对患者进行评分。因为随着时间的推移,观察到的SGU变化不仅归因于疾病的进展或药物作用,还可能部分归因于不同观察者之间存在的评分差异[53]。鉴于SGUS用于pSS随访效果不一,仍需进行长时间深入随访以探究SGUS在不同时间点的变化。
综上所述,SGU对pSS的诊断、疗效监测及预后评估均具有潜在价值。涎腺超声可用于观察pSS患者的唾液腺形态、回声、血流信号等,具有较高的临床诊断价值,可作为一种新颖无创的诊断及随访手段,并降低早期pSS的漏诊率,且超声检测技术在长时间的随访中,具有使用方便、可重复性高、更易为患者所受的优点。此外,SGU在pSS诊疗中的应用属当前研究热点之一,尤其是在早期诊断与疗效评估方面得到了较多认可。因此,未来的研究将需要长期随访不同治疗策略在pSS中的效应,并更好地确定SGUS在治疗后的变化,以期全面提高涎腺超声对pSS的诊断及病情评估水平,使之成为诊断pSS、估计预后及评估治疗反应的有用工具。
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(收稿日期:2020-09-11)