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Q开关Nd:YAG激光治疗交界痣的临床效果及对术后复发的影响

2021-01-16王剑磊

中国美容医学 2021年12期
关键词:瘢痕复发率临床疗效

韩 玉 王剑磊 张 娃

[關键词]Q开关Nd:YAG激光;交界痣;临床疗效;复发率;瘢痕

[中图分类号]R758.5+1    [文献标志码]A    [文章编号]1008-6455(2021)12-0068-03

Clinical Curative Effect of Q-switched Nd:YAG Pulse Laser on Junction Nevus and Its Influences on Postoperative Recurrence

HAN Yu, WANG Jian-lei, ZHANG Wa

(Department of Dermatology, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Beijing 100123, China)

Abstract: Objective  To explore the clinical curative effect of Q-switched Nd:YAG pulse laser on junction nevus and its influences on postoperative recurrence. Methods  A total of 338 patients with junction nevus undergoing CO2 laser treatment our the hospital from January 2019 to July 2020 were enrolled as the research objects. They were divided into control group (169 cases) and observation group (169 cases) by random number table method. The control group was treated with CO2 laser, while observation group was treated with Q-switched Nd:YAG pulse laser. The curative effect, scab formation time, wound healing time and erythema duration were compared between the two groups. The changes in scores of visual analogue scale (VAS) at immediate and postoperative 24h, and Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) at 1 week and 1 month after treatment in both groups were observed. The recurrence rate at 3 and 6 months after treatment, and satisfaction with aesthetics and curative effect were compared between the two groups. The incidence of adverse reactions such as hyperplastic or depressed scars, pigmentation and skin atrophy in both groups was statistically analyzed. Results  The total response rate of observation group was higher than that of control group (P<0.05). The scab formation time in observation group was shorter than that in control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in wound healing time or erythema duration between the two groups (P>0.05). VSS score at 1 week and 1 month after treatment in observation group were lower than those in control group (P<0.05), recurrence rate at 3 and 6 months after treatment was lower than that in control group, and satisfaction with aesthetics and curative effect was higher than that in control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in comfort satisfaction between the two groups (P>0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in observation group was lower than that in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion  The application of Q-switched Nd:YAG pulse laser in the treatment of junction nevus can improve the curative effect, shorten time of scab formation, alleviate scars severity and reduce recurrence rate.

Key words: Q-switched Nd:YAG laser; junction nevus; clinical curative effect; recurrence rate; scar

CO2激光是目前交界痣的主要治疗方法之一,因疗效较好已在临床上得到广泛使用,但CO2激光气化范围有限,使位于真皮层内较深部位的痣经治疗后往往存在细小残余,导致患者治疗后复发率较高,会影响治疗效果[1-2]。故寻求一种更为有效的治疗方法至关重要。Q开关Nd:YAG激光是一种激光治疗方法,其可对靶组织快速产生化学作用,使皮肤内色素小体选择性崩解,进而可起到较好的治疗作用[3],但目前尚无报道指出其对于患者治疗后交界痣复发的影响。本研究旨在探究Q开关Nd:YAG激光治疗交界痣的临床疗效及对治疗后复发的影响,为该疾病的临床治疗提供参考,现报道如下。

1  资料和方法

1.1 一般资料:经笔者医院伦理委员会审核通过,选择2019年1月-2020年7月笔者医院CO2激光治疗的交界痣患者338例为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组及观察组,每组169例。对照组:男73例,女96例,年龄12~58岁,平均(35.27±12.59)岁;患者皮损数1~12个,平均(3.71±1.43)个;观察组:男70例,女99例,年龄15~60岁,平均(36.13±12.82)岁;患者皮损数1~10个,平均(3.63±1.58)个。两组患者一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

1.2 纳入标准:①经皮肤镜诊断为交界痣[4];②患者均知情本研究内容及目的,且已签署入组同意书;③年龄12~60岁。

1.3 排除标准:①不配合治疗者;②妊娠或哺乳期女性;③入组前2个月内有维甲酸服用史者;④凝血功能异常者;⑤瘢痕体质患者;⑥存在严重糖尿病等影响伤口愈合的慢性疾病患者;⑦眼鼻部、肛周及生殖器等特殊部位的交界痣。

1.4 方法:对照组:给予CO2激光治疗。患者取仰卧位,在进行皮肤消毒后给予局部浸润麻醉,应用科英点阵KL型超脉冲C02激光治疗机进行治疗,激光头距皮肤约1cm,激光功率1~3W(100~500毫焦/脉冲,频率20~40Hz),自皮损的表皮逐层向深层气化,以肉眼见色素消失、基底呈淡白色为治疗终点;观察组:给予Q开关Nd:YAG激光治疗。应用奇致激光ML-3080Q型掺钕钇铝石榴石激光治疗机,波长为1 064nm,能量密度2.5~4.5J/cm2,光斑直径3~4mm,依据皮损大小及形态选择治疗参数。局部浸润性麻醉,先从皮损周边开始连续点射,用棉签蘸压出血点,并用手指挤压皮损周边组织止血,继续激光束点射,爆破黑素痣细胞,直至肉眼见无黑色组织。两组治疗结束后均外用油性抗生素软膏,防晒至少3个月。

1.5 观察指标:①疗效判定标准:于治疗3个月后根据交界痣祛除情况判断治疗疗效[5]。显效:瘢痕不易察觉,无色素残留,色素完全清除;有效:瘢痕稍高或低于皮面,无或有轻微色素改变;无效:瘢痕明显高出或低于表面,皮损部位有复发;②术后指标:比较两组结痂时间、创面愈合时间及红斑持续时间;③疼痛程度:采用视觉模拟评分法(Visual analogue scale,VAS)评价患者激光术后即刻及术后24h的疼痛程度[6],使用一条长约10cm的游动标尺,标有10个刻度,两段分别为0、10,让患者根据自身情况选择一个数字表示疼痛感,0分代表无痛,10分表示无法忍受的剧烈疼痛;④瘢痕严重程度:采用温哥华瘢痕量表(Vancouver scar scale,VSS)评价患者治疗后1周及1个月的瘢痕严重程度[7],以瘢痕最为严重的皮损处进行统计,主要包括色泽(0~3分)、血液循环(0~3分)、柔软程度(0~5分)、厚度(0~3分)、疼痛(0~2分)及瘙痒(0~2分)六个方面,评分越高表示瘢痕越严重;⑤复发:于治疗后3个月、6个月观察色素复发情况,判断标准为皮肤镜下观察原激光治疗部位再次出现色素痣;⑥满意度[8]:于治疗后3个月评价患者对美观、治疗效果、舒适的满意度,每项分值范围为0~100分,得分≥80分为满意,满意度=满意例数/总例数×100%;⑦不良反应:比较两组患者增生性或凹陷性瘢痕、色素沉着及皮肤萎缩等不良反应发生率。

1.6 统计学分析:研究所得数据均用SPSS17软件处理,满意度等计数资料以(%)表示,采用χ2检验比较组间差异;VSS评分及VAS评分等计量资料经正态检验后用(x¯±s)表示,用t检验比较组间差异。P<0.05即差异具有统计学意义。

2  結果

2.1 两组疗效比较:治疗后,观察组总有效率高于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。

2.2 两组临床指标比较:观察组结痂时间短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),创面愈合时间及红斑持续时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表2。

2.3 两组VAS及VSS评分比较:两组术后即刻及术后24h的VAS评分对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组治疗后1周及1个月的VSS评分低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3。

2.4 两组复发率比较:观察组治疗后3个月及6个月的复发率均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表4。

2.5 两组患者满意度比较:观察组对美观、治疗效果的满意度高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组对舒适的满意度对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表5。

2.6 两组不良反应发生率比较:观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表6。

3  讨论

CO2激光治疗的靶组织是水,无法选择性地破坏痣细胞,会对周围正常组织造成损伤,导致瘢痕形成,并且局部皮肤可能会继发色素沉着[9]。相关报道指出,近50%的交界痣的组织边界与正常组织不清楚,且在边缘及基底部向正常组织浸润,这种浸润因可沿毛干向深部生长甚至到达皮下,无法通过肉眼观察浸润情况,故可能会影响治疗效果[10-12]。Q开关Nd:YAG激光治疗的脉宽远小于黑素小体的热弛豫时间,其照射瞬间产生的高热量可使黑素小体中产生压力波及变性超出其弹性限度,可引起色素细胞损伤,且对周边正常组织的累及程度降低。本研究结果显示,采用Q开关Nd:YAG激光治疗交界痣,可提高疗效,促进创面愈合,这主要是因为Q开关Nd:YAG激光治疗能够最大限度地减少对周围正常组织的损伤有关。有研究指出,将Q开关Nd:YAG激光应用于交界痣的治疗中,有助于创面恢复,可减轻患者疼痛[13-14]。但本研究发现,两种治疗方法对患者疼痛程度的影响差别不大,与上述研究结果存在差异,这可能与本研究样本量少有关,故后期需增加样本量以进一步分析Q开关Nd:YAG激光治疗对患者面部疼痛的影响。另外,本研究发现,观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组,表明Q开关Nd:YAG激光治疗交界痣,可减少色素沉着等并发症,这主要与Q开关Nd:YAG激光为相干光,对黑素的吸收强于CO2激光有关。

相关研究指出,通过手术尽量减少黑素颗粒残留,可起到降低复发率的作用[15-16]。本研究发现,观察组治疗后1周及1个月的VSS评分低于对照组,治疗后3个月、6个月的复发率均低于对照组,说明Q开关Nd:YAG激光治疗可减轻瘢痕严重程度,降低复发率,这主要与Q开关Nd:YAG激光治疗可较为准确地清除痣组织,减轻对周围组织的损伤有关。另外,本研究结果显示,观察组对美观、治疗效果的满意度高于对照组,说明将Q开关Nd:YAG激光应用于交界痣的治疗中,可提高患者对治疗效果的满意度,这主要与该方式治疗能减轻瘢痕严重程度,降低复发率有关。

综上所述,采用Q开关Nd:YAG激光治疗交界痣,可提高治疗效果,缩短结痂时间,减轻瘢痕严重程度,并能降低复发率。

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[收稿日期]2021-07-14

本文引用格式:韩玉,王剑磊,张娃.Q开关Nd:YAG激光治疗交界痣的临床效果及对术后复发的影响[J].中国美容医学,2021,30(12):68-71.

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