ABSTRACTS

Evolution of Architectural Decoration of Ancestral Hall School Buildings in Kaiping of Guangdong Province during the late Qing and early Republican Era

(by TAN Jin-hua，LIU Zhao-jun，SHI Jin-yun)

Abstract：During the late Qing and early Republican period, overseas Chinese from Kaiping of Guangdong Province frequently travelled between their hometown and their country of residence. Economy in their native community stimulated by overseas remittances rapidly developed and promoted the blending Chinese and Western cultures. During this period, the ancestral halls built by progressive families differed from the traditional Ming- and Qing-style structures. The newly-built ancestral hall schools would feature two major functions: honoring ancestors and educating the younger generations. The new style carried distinct characteristics of overseas Chinese and the spirit of the time. The purpose of this study is to investigage and research the decorative characteristics of the new-style ancestral hall buildings in Kaiping area, analyze the evolution of the architectural decoration of the ancestral halls from Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Republic of China, and explore the cultural motivation behind the changes. Taking the Yu and Xie clan ancestral hall schools as examples, this paper analyses the effect of the confluence of overseas Chinese thoughts and traditional culture on the architectural features of these ancestral hall schools.

Key words:：Ancestral Hall Schools; Architectural decoration; Combination of Chinese and Western elements; Qiaoxiang Architecture

An Overview of Donations to Education by Overseas Chinese in the New Era ——Taking Guangzhou as an Example

(by CHEN Shi-bo，LI Yun)

Abstract: In the new era, changes in the international and domestic situations have created favorable external conditions for overseas Chinese to participate in the building of their hometowns. Inspired by China's overseas Chinese affairs policies, overseas Chinese have achieved significant results in Guangzhou's eucation, which are mainly reflected in the improvement of the conditions of schools, a complete eucational mechanism, and the improvement of the education quality. Also breakthroughs in regional limitations, the rise of school parks, and the emergence of a new generation donors, and the focus on real effect are some of the new characteristics of the efforts. But there also exist some problems that urgently need to be solved. The donation mechanism and efficiency shoud be further improved, more guidance should be provided, and supervision over donations should be strengthened so as to promote the sustainable development of education in China’s qiaoxiang areas.

Key words: Overseas Chinese; Contributions to education; Donations

Voluntary Spinsters in the Pearl River Delta Reflected in Talking and Singing Literature and Film and Television Works

(by TAN Hui-min)

Abstract: Voluntgary spinsters in the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong was the product of the social and economic conditions of a specific historical period as well as a personal choice. In Guangdong folk talking and singing literature, choosing to be a spinster was a helpless choice. Modern film and television works inherit and innovate the image of such a group of women. These works preseve a series of traditional rituals for choosing to be a spinster; meanwhile, they also re-created the image to endow the women a modern female consciousness.

Key words: Voluntary spinsters; Talking and Singing literature; Film and television works; Inheritance; Development

From Interpreter to Leader of Chinese in Australia: A Study of the Patron-Client Relationship of Quong Tart as Interpreter

(by YE Ai-yun)

Abstract: Quong Tart (1850-1903) was a well-known leader of the Chinese community in Australia in the late Qing Dynasty, but his dual career of trader-cum-interpreter and his relationship with different patrons are hardly known yet. As it is, when he left home for Australia as a young boy, his plan, made by his family, was to make a living as an interpreter in the colonist mining district. Luckily his plan fared well because he was adopted by a white family that owned a large mine with hundreds of Chinese miners. By interpreting for his foster father during his boyhood he gained economic support and social status, and he then got naturalized as a government interpreter when he became an adult. After moving to Sydney, he continued to work as an interpreter and mediator for the courts, the procuratorate, the government and other agencies dealing with Chinese laborers, and provided interpretation services for the first Chinese delegation to Australia. Through these opportunities, he actively navigated between the Australian government and the Chinese community, effectively helped to mediate the conflicts between China and the west, and realized the transformation from interpreter to leader of overseas Chinese.

Key words: Quong Tart; Patron-client relationship; History of interpretation; Sino-Australian exchange history

A Wanderer’s Mood: An Analysis of the Mentality of Lingnan Poet Sun Fen in the Early Ming Dynasty

(by Liu Ying-bo)

Abstract: Sun Fen was a representative of the Lingnan school of poets in the early Ming Dynasty. His poems were beautiful and powerful, and they were widely praised by his contemporaries. But his career in the officialdom was not going well; he suffered a series of banishments, arrests and exiles to the frontier. He was finally condemed to death in the case concerning parties and cliques when he was exiled to Liaodong. During his long career of ups and downs, because of his unique personality, his mentality was characterized missing relatives and friends, feeling grateful for emperor’s favors, aspiring to do great deeds, helplessness and sadness. An understanding of his exile mentality can deepen our understanding of him and help us to better understand society and life.

Key words: Early Ming Dynasty; Lingnan poets; Sun Fen; Exile mentality

An Analysis of the Change in Values of Liang Qichao’s Intellectual Education and Moral Education

(by JIA Rui-hua)

Abstract: Liang Qichao’s national education idelolgy was continually evolving from enlightening the people to cultivating new citizens to creating a “cosmopolitan China”. The goal of his national education also changed from expanding people’s rights and developing people’s intelligence to cultivating people’s morality. Finally, he incorporated academic education into personality education, completing his framework of a cosmopolitan eduction ideology.

Key words: National education; Moral education; Academic; Cosmopolitan country; Personality education

Zheng Guanying’s Intelligence Activities in Southeast Asia

(by ZHANG Heng, HE Shi-long)

Abstract: In 1884, Peng Yulin put forward the strategic idea of attacking Saigon, the French stronghold, jointly with Siam. Zheng Guanying was sent to various parts of Southeast Asia to collect relevant information and carry out communication with Siam. Unfortunately, due to the Qing government’s attitude and Siam’s refusal, the mission ended in failure. However, Zheng Guanying’s visit left behind much valuable first-hand information, such as the situations in various parts of Southeast Asia and the living conditions of overseas Chinese. More importantly, this experience enriched Zheng Guanying’s reform thought and provided an important opportunity for Zheng Guanying’s reform thought to mature in the future.

Key words: Zheng Guanying; Intelligence; Siam; Southeast Asia; Thought

An Analysis of Han Yu’s state of mind Reflected in His Poems Composed during His Exile in Chaozhou

(by GUO Zhong-hua)

Abstract: Han Yu's poems composed during his exile in Chaozhou clearly show his feelings, mood, and mental state. They reflect his sense of being wronged in spite of his loyalty, his fear of being exiled to the remote frontiers, his regrets, and his sense of relief at following the trend and attending to his virtue in solitude. These moods are the true reflection of the author’s reaction to the sudden reversal of his fate, and his firm dedication to his ideals of life.

Key words: Han Yu; Poems composed in exile; Moods; Analysis

On the Typological Features of the Old-style Poetry Written by Modern Chinese Painter-poets

(by YE Lan-tao)

Abstract: In addition to writing the poetry to accompany paintings, modern Chinese painter-poets have also composed a great number of poems about daily life. These two types of poems reflect the dual attributes of the professional identity and social identity of modern painter poets. The mian difference between poetry for painitngs and poetry about life is that the former invloves“image consciousness”and the latter represents“role consciousness”.“Image consciousness” is mainly embodied in the image presentation, and“role consciousness”mainly represents their social roles. Through the analysis of the two types of poems, the dialectical relationship between the painters’professional and social roles can be revealed.

Key words: Painter-poets; Old style poetry; Types; Characteristics

The Origin of the Zhao Mu System Re-explored

(by LIU Yu-huan，LIU Bang-song)

Abstract: An analysis of ancient literature, origins of some Chinese characters and the Han culture, it can be found that the Zhao Mu system originated from the arrangment of the tablets in ancestral shrines. The temple dedicated to the founder of a clan was located in the middle of the complex and faced the east; the temples to the descendants were set out in two columns flanking that of the founder. The left column was called “Zhao”, and the right column “Mu”. The “Zhao” column faced the south, the sun, the light, connotating brightness. The “Mu” column faced the north, with its back facing the sun, light, connotating darkness. The origin of the two characters “Zhao”(昭) and “Mu”(穆) and their choice for the arrangement had their motivations. The Zhao Mu system was closely related to the ancestral temple system, sacrificial rites and tomb system and was mainly applied to deceased family members, and rarely to living descendants.

Key words: Zhao-Mu; Ancestral temples; Origins; Exploration

A Study of the Influence of Word of Mouth at Wechat Moment on Consumers’Purchase Intention

(by FEI Ming-sheng，WANG Shan-shan)

Abstract：Based on the results of a survey of 604 young people, in light of the characteristics of senders, word-of-mouth information and the characteristics of recipients, this paper makes an empirical study of whether and how the related elements of word of mouth at WeChat Moment influence the purchase intention through perceived value. The results show that the professionalism of word-of-mouth senders, the relationship between the sender and the recipient, the number of word-of-mouth messages, the visual cues of word-of-mouth, the professionalism of word-of-mouth recipients at the WeChat Moment have a significant positive impact on consumers’purchase intention and can also affect consumers’purchase intention through perceived value, while the direct effect of product involvement of recipients on consumers’purchase intention is not significant, working only through perceived value.

Key words：WeChat Moment；Word of mouth of catering businesses; Purchase intention; Catering enterprises

Research intoShangshu(BookofDocuments) by Modern Guangdong Sinologists

(by ZHANG Wen-hua)

Abstract：Zeng Zhao, Gui Wencan, Chen Li, Ma Zhenyu and other sinologists wrote the first and the last batch of research works onShangshu(BookofDocuments) in modern Guangdong. Zeng, Gui and Chen made narrow and in-depth research, while Ma introduced his ideas against western democracry, freedom and the republic system into his research and reconciled the Han and Song studies ofShangshu. This reflects the impact of the times on Guangdong’s traditional Confucian classics.

Key words: Guangdong Modern Sinology; Research onShangshu; Main content; Research characteristics

Textual Research on Taoist Texts Cited inLunHeng

(by Li Hao)

Abstract：In accordance with the six-division method ofQiLue(SevenStrategies) contained inTheBookofFormerHanDynasty, with reference to the results of research into literature of the Han Dynasty unearthed in the last hundred years, this paper sorts out the classics quoted inLunHengwith a view to revealing the its author Wang Chong’s knowledge sources and reading scope. This paper subdivides the Taoist documents quoted inLunHenginto three categories: those he had read, those he might have read, and those mentioned but not actually quoted and points out the influence of the above-mentioned documents on discourse expression and academic construction ofLunHeng. Also, this paper supplements predecessors’s studies and fill some of their omissions.

Key words: Wang Chong;LunHeng; Taoist texts; Han Dynasty literature; Citation study

An Experiment Study of the Short-term Memory Encoding Mode for High Frequency Chinese Charcters

(by FU Rong，DONG Zheng-pei，DENG Zi-xuan)

Abstract: Taking high-frequency Chinese characters as the experimental material, the coding mode for short-term memory was studied based on the principle of signal detection theory to clarify the main encoding mode of high-frequency Chinese characters in short-term memory. The experiment adopted the 2×2 two-factor design. The independent variable 1 was noise interference, and there are two levels for it, namely auditory noise interference and visual noise interference. The independent variable 2 was the degree of glyph complexity. There are also two levels for it, namely simple glyphs and complex glyphs. The subjects were 22 college students in Guangdong Province. The experiment results show that the interference of auditory noise on short-term memory was significantly greater than that of visual noise when the subjects were processing high-frequency Chinese characters. In the case of the same type of noise interference, there was no significant difference in the recognition results between the simple group and the complex group of glyphs. Two conclusions can be drawn: (1) the main encoding method for high-frequency Chinese characters is the sound code, and (2) the simplicity of the glyph does not affect the encoding method.

Key word: Short-termmemory; Coding modes; Signal detection theory

Application of Item Response Theory in the Assessment of the Vocabulary Items in a College English Test

(by WANG Tian-jian)

Abstract: Item response theory is one of the advanced modern test theories. Based on the approach of equivalent group equation in item response theory, this paper assessed the quality of the vocabulary items in two parallel college English test papers, Paper A and Paper B, which had been used in a university in Guizhou Province. The research data included the answers of 235 testees, among whom 120 answered Paper A and 115 answered Paper B. The software SPSS 15 and BILOGMG 3.3 were used to analyze the data. The results show that the vocabulary items have a high level of discrimination, a low level of guessing, and a high level of maximum information. The research results have implications for the assessment of test questions.

Key words: Item response theory; Equivalent group equation; Vocabulary; Analyses

Implications of Yan Cong’s Theory of “Eight Preparations” for Translators of Chinese Classics into Foreign Languages

(by GAO Cha-qing，CAI Man-yuan)

Abstract: The theory of “Ba Bei (Eight Preparations)” is the requirements Yan Cong put foward of personal moral cultivation and professional capacity for Buddhist scripture translators. In light ofTheAnalectstranslated by Xu Yuanchong, there are many similarities between the translation of Chinese classics and the translation of buddhist scriptures in terms of the translator's personal qualities and abilities. Professionalism, selfless dedication, team consciousness and cooperation, craftsmanship, cultivation of personal morality, knowledge in philology, etymology, and textual criticism, bilingual ability and language conversion ability, and an extensive encyclopedia knowledge reserve included in the “Eight Preparations” are all necessary for translators. To understand the semantic connotation and spiritual essence of “Eight Preparations”, and to practice them in the translation of ancient Chinese classics, is of great significance for the translators to continuously improve their moral cultivation, professionalism and professional skills, for the successful translation of Chinese classics into foreign languages, and for accelerating the going out process of Chinese culture.

Key words: Eight Preparations; Chinese classics; Translation into foreign languages; Translator’s qualities; Reference

The Nature and Formation Mechanism of Later-formed Characters with the Radical “kou(口)” in Cantonese

(by Zhang Rong-rong)

Abstract: Later-formed characters with the radical “kou(口)” refer to the characters with the radical “kou(口)” added on the left side. This paper investigates the emergence and usage of the later-formed characters with the component “kou(口)” in the Cantonese and analyzes their nataure by reference to such type of characters in the history of the Chinese characters. The following conclusions are reached: later-formed characters with the radical “kou(口)” are not phonograms; they are a symbol of sound for an important type of Chinese characters and are a deviation from ideographical expressions; their emergence and interpretation must rely on the mandarin characters; various kinds of characters with the radical “kou(口)” recorded the heterogeneous elements outside of the official dialect; the need of the 19th-century missionaries to document foreign languages and dialects led to the emergence of a large number of characters with the radical “kou(口)” in Cantonese.

Key words: Lataer-formed characters in Cantonese; Nature; Reasons for formation

Construction of an Innovation and Entrepreneurship Curriculum from the Perspective of “Golden Course” Concept

(by HUANG Ming-rui)

Abstract:Since the concept of “golden course” was put forward, it has become a hot topic in the field of higher education. At present, there are still some problems in the courses of innovation and entrepreneurship in colleges and universities, such as low level and outdated contents, and the phenomenon of “watered down courses”. So promoting innovation and entrepreneurship education reform is an urgent necessity of colleges and universities. This paper, based on the perspective of the “golden course” concept, re-examines the teaching objectives of innovation and entrepreneurship courses and puts forwards suggestions from three dimensions: whether courses are of a high-level, innovative and challenging.

Key words: Gold courses; Innovation and entrepreneurship courses; Teaching objectives; Curriculum construction

Research on the Mediating Role of Teachers within the Framework of Outcome-based Education Theory

(by HAN Yong-fang)

Abstract: Based on the outcome-oriented theory, this paper takes Unit 1 of theIntegratdCourse2 ofNewCollegeEnglishas an example to discuss the mediating role of teachers in the output driven — input driven — output evaluation process from three aspects: determining output objectives, designing classroom activities, and evaluating the achievement of output objectives. This paper focuses on the activity design of the enabler stage, in which teachers set up the “scaffolding” for students from the aspects of knowledge content, language form and discourse structure, construct a learning model, and play the role of facilitator and guide of learning.

Key words: output-oriented theory; College English course design; Teacher’s mediating role