把握命题动向,提升思维品质
——从浙江省新高考英语“七选五”试题变化看解题策略
2020-11-16湖北
湖北
浙江卷从2016 年10 月开始采用新高考模式,其英语试题也是从2016 年10 月开始第一次加入“七选五”这一新题型,经过几年的适应和发展,浙江省新高考“七选五”的试题与最初相比已发生了明显的变化。而近十年的全国卷“七选五”题型也经历着相似的变化。因此,浙江卷“七选五”试题的变化事实上为全国卷“七选五”命题动向的缩影,而在新课标指导下的浙江省新高考英语命题的动向无疑也对研究全国卷有着极大的参考价值和指导意义。因此,本文将聚焦浙江省新高考英语“七选五”试题的变化规律,以期为广大师生备考全国卷“七选五”提供新的思路和方向。
浙江省新高考英语“七选五”的文章形式变化
从上表中我们可以清晰地看到,浙江省高考英语在2017 年第一次采用新高考模式的两次考试中,“七选五”文章的结构较为简单,有标题、小标题或段落标记的提示,2018 年第一次的高考英语“七选五”文章也沿用了2017 年高考英语“七选五”的文章形式,保证了新高考第二年试题的稳定性。然而从2018 年第二次新高考开始,“七选五”的文章结构虽然仍和前几次保持一致,但开始去掉标题、小标题与段落标记,试题难度开始呈现递增趋势。而从2019 年开始,所有“七选五”文章不仅无标题、小标题与段落标记,文章结构也不再遵循固有模式。因此,新高考以来,浙江卷“七选五”的试题难度、区分度有所增大,对学生思维能力的要求也有所提高。下面笔者将对比近几年的浙江省高考英语“七选五”试题,分析其变化规律,从而把握命题趋势和意图,探索应对方法和策略。
一、命题变化
(一)文章主旨与结构更隐晦
1.文章主旨更隐晦(2016 年10 月浙江卷VS 2018 年11 月浙江卷)
(2016 年10 月浙江卷)
How to Have a Successful Teenage Life
Everyone wants to succeed in their life,don’t they? Even as a teenager,you can achieve success in your life; it really isn’t that hard.31(Here are some important points that you may find helpful.)
...
(2018 年11 月浙江卷)
...
Maybe I’m the rude one for not appreciating life’s little courtesies(礼节).But many social norms(规范)just don’t make sense to people drowning in digital communication.
...
How to handle these differing standards? ...Here’s hoping that politeness never goes out of fashion but that time-wasting forms of communication do.
文章主旨对比分析:
在2016 年10 月浙江卷中,“七选五”标题How to Have a Successful Teenage Life 直接点明了整篇文章的主旨,首段的最后一句“Here are some important points that you may find helpful.”为文章主题句,总领其后所有段落。
而2018 年11 月浙江卷一改前两年四次新高考分条提出建议的说明文的体裁形式,第一次出现了议论文。文章不仅没有标题,而且结构和语言都变得更为复杂。本文主旨句应为第二段的第二句,文章论述了在数字化交流方式迅速发展的今天,有些礼仪费时且无益,并在文末再次表明希望浪费时间的交流形式可以不再流行。
很明显,2018 年11 月浙江卷“七选五”文章较2016 年10 月的文章在难度上有了很大的提升,主旨不再清晰明显,需要理解全文思路才能概括出来。
2.文章结构更隐晦(2017 年11 月浙江卷VS 2020 年1 月浙江卷)
(2017 年11 月浙江卷)
How to Remember What You Read
Reading is important.But the next step is making sure that you remember what you’ve read! 31(Memory is sometimes a tricky thing.) You may have just read the text,but the ideas,concepts and images(形象)may fly right out of your head.Here are a few tricks for remembering what you read.
● 32(Are you confused?)
...If you don’t understand what you’re reading,how would you remember it? But there are a few things you can do...use a dictionary; look up the difficult words.
●Are you connected?
...With some books,you may feel a connection right away.33(But other books require a bit more work on your part.) How willing are you to make the connections happen?
●Read it; hear it; be it!
Read the lines....34(You can do the same thing when you are reading the text!)
●How often do you read?
If you read frequently,you’ll likely have an easier time with remembering what you’re reading (and what you’ve read)....
(2020 年1 月浙江卷)
Let’s take a minute to think about the water we use.The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy...
31(We use water indirectly too.) ...When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want,but this is not the case for many people around the world....
34(In 1993 the United Nations decided that March 22nd is the World Day for Water.) On this day every year,countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world.At one school in the UK,children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water.35(In this way,they know how it feels to walk a long distance carrying heavy bottles.) People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.
文章结构对比分析:
在2017 年11 月浙江卷中,“七选五”文章标题说明文章主旨,各个小标题说明各段落的主旨,首段的尾句总领其后段落,第二、三、四、五段为针对如何记忆阅读内容的不同建议。文章结构一目了然。
而2020 年1 月浙江卷的“七选五”文章结构却不那么清晰。文章第一段提出水对我们的重要性,第二段从间接用水的角度说明水对我们的影响,第三段说明很多人用水困难这一事实,最后一段介绍联合国设立了“世界节水日”以帮助人们提升对缺水问题的认识。文章一环扣一环,第三段与前两段构成转折关系,又与最后一段形成因果关系。文章没有明显的主题句,学生需要在理解每段主旨大意的基础上将整篇文章的思路串起来,才能归纳出文章主旨。
不难看出,浙江省新高考英语“七选五”的文章结构越来越隐晦,学生仅靠大致浏览首段与每段的第一句已经无法准确理解文章的行文思路,只有深刻理解文章内容才能更好地把握文章逻辑。
(二)段落主旨与结构更复杂
1.段落主旨更复杂(2017 年6 月浙江卷VS 2020 年1 月浙江卷)
高考英语“七选五”试题一般情况下在段首句考查段落主旨,虽然近年高考英语已经开始出现反套路设题的现象,但此处还是以常见的段首主旨句设题的方式来对比浙江省新高考英语段落主旨的考查方向的变化。
(2017 年6 月浙江卷第5 段)
●___34___ Each interview that you get on the street shouldn’t be longer than ten minutes.As soon as you get the answer you need,move on to the next person.Make sure that as you go from interview to interview,you are getting a variety of answers.If everyone is giving you the same answer,you won’t be able to use it.A safe number of interviews to conduct is about six to ten.____35__
A.Limit your time.
(2020 年1 月浙江卷第1~2 段)
Let’s take a minute to think about the water we use.The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy.When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.
__31___ For example,farmers,who produce the food we eat,use water to make the plants grow.When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
A.We use water indirectly too.
段落主旨对比分析:
2017 年6 月浙江卷第五段的段首空为段落主旨句,根据段落内容很容易归纳出段落的主旨,即控制采访时间以得到更多不同的答案。因此很容易选出正确答案A 项。
而2020 年1 月浙江卷第二段的段首句虽然也是该段的中心句,但要准确理解该段的中心含义,仅关注本段内容还不够,还要与第一段的内容结合起来。第一段说到,人体的60%由水组成,我们需要喝很多水才能保持健康。第二段说我们吃的食物也需要水,我们身体活动所需的能量也是因水的化学参与而形成的。只有结合第一段的内容才能判断出这两段分别介绍了水对我们的直接和间接影响,才能选出正确答案A 项。
因此,对于段落主旨的考查,浙江卷新高考已经开始改变固有模式,在考查段落主旨的同时,增加了对段际关系与文章结构的考查,对学生的篇章和段落逻辑理解能力提出了新的要求。
2.段落结构更复杂(2018 年6 月浙江卷VS 2019 年6 月浙江卷)
(2018 年6 月浙江卷第4 段)
__34___ If a neighbor is going to be out of town,offer to collect mail and newspapers.If a neighbor suffers an illness,offer to do the grocery shopping.Let them know that you are there to help in any way that is acceptable,while still respecting the privacy of your neighbor.
B.A good neighbor is also one who likes to help out in small ways.
(2019 年6 月浙江卷第3 段)
__33___ They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music.Beatlemania hit New York on February 7,1964.Hundreds of fans jammed the airport to greet them.___34___ The concert was broadcast live and attracted the largest one night audience in the history of television up to that time.The Beatles were described as a British invasion(入 侵)by local and nationwide newspapers at that time.Their victory in America was still remembered as a major turning point in the history of rock and roll.Thanks to the Beatles,a lot of opportunities were opened up to new faces on the market.____35__
A.They decided on a tour to the United States in 1964.E.Many rock bands were able to follow in the footsteps of the Beatles.
G.They performed their first concert in America at CBS television’s 53rd street studio.
段落结构对比分析:
2018 年6 月浙江卷的“七选五”与新高考以来前三次的“七选五”的文章结构一样,除了首段总领全文外,其他段落均为“总—分”或“总—分—总”结构。该段通过两个“If a neighbor...,offer to...”来分述如何从小事做起,帮助邻居,最后一句总结“help in any way that is acceptable”,清晰的段落结构使学生很容易得到34 题的正确答案B 项。
而2019 年6 月浙江卷虽然也考段首句,却一反常态地采用“分—总”式段落结构,段首空非主旨句,这就增加了解题难度。此外,该段落按时间顺序分述Beatles 乐队在美国的发展,这与前几年浙江省高考英语“七选五”的段落结构均不同,只有在理解了整段结构后才能判断出其行文逻辑为时间顺序。故按时间顺序选出33 题、34 题的正确答案A 项、G 项,而根据段落的“分—总”结构可以判断末尾两句总结Beatles 乐队的影响力,从而选出35 题的正确答案E 项。
由此可见,浙江省新高考英语“七选五”的考查不仅增加了对文章主旨和结构的理解的要求,同时也增加了对段落主旨与结构的理解的要求。而段落结构往往是学生容易忽视的地方,因此这也进一步增加了试题的难度。如今,新高考英语“七选五”的段首句不一定考查段落主旨,段落结构也不一定是简单的“总—分”结构,需要学生理解段落中句与句之间的逻辑,才能更准确地分析段落结构,从而迅速准确解题。
(三)干扰项更难排除
1.干扰项主旨吻合(2016 年10 月浙江卷 VS 2020 年1 月浙江卷)
(2016 年10 月浙江卷第4 段)
● ___34___ Remember,they’re there to help you be the best that you can be.Respect them and value their opinions,even if they annoy you sometimes.35(Keep in mind that they do the things they do because they care about you.) You don’t get to choose your teachers or your family,but you still have to put up with them.Learn how to deal with people now,because when you’re an adult,you don’t get to choose your boss or your co-workers,so learn how to respect them now.
A.Live life to the fullest.
C.Be nice to your parents and teachers.
(2020 年1 月浙江卷第1~2 段)
Let’s take a minute to think about the water we use.The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy.When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.
__31___ For example,farmers,who produce the food we eat,use water to make the plants grow.When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
A.We use water indirectly too.
B.Every system in our body depends on water to function.
干扰项对比分析:
2016 年10 月浙江卷第34 题为段首主旨句,根据每段形式一致的规律可知,段首句34 空处应为一个祈使短句,概括段落主旨。A 项和C 项均符合这样的特点,但根据段落内容很容易选出正确选项,干扰项A 项与文章内容明显不符,很容易排除,从而选出34 题的正确答案C 项。
而2020 年1 月浙江卷中,第二段主要说明水对我们的重要性,若仅看31 空后的内容(我们食用的农作物需要水,我们打开灯、电脑和电视需要水提供能量),很容易将段落主旨归纳为“我们身体的各个系统都需要水才能正常运转”,因而误选B 项。因此B 项非常具有干扰性,只有结合第一段的内容才可以推断出,前两段分别从直接和间接两个方面说明水对我们的作用,从而选出正确答案A 项。
此处干扰项的主旨与文章或段落主旨相符,在一定程度上增加了“七选五”试题的难度,尤其是主旨大意题的难度,对学生思辨能力的要求更高了。
2.干扰项通顺连贯(2017 年11 月浙江卷 VS 2019 年6 月浙江卷)
(2017 年11 月浙江卷第4 段)
● Read it; hear it; be it!
Read the lines.Then,speak them out loud.And,put some character into the words.When he was writing his novels,Charles Dickens would act out the parts of the characters.He’d make faces in the mirror,and change his voice for each character. ___34_
E.Marking helps you remember what you read.
G.You can do the same thing when you are reading the text!
(2019 年6 月浙江卷第2 段)
After they were given an invitation to appear live on BBC,the Beatles quickly became famous in Britain with nationwide tours.By mid-1963,the Beatles had been extremely popular in England.___32___ They held large concerts and performed at clubs.They became the hottest thing on the pop music scene in England.They began as a modestly successful musician group and ended the year as show business legends.John Lennon and Paul McCartney were named composers of the year.
B.Even their hairstyles became major trends at that time.
F.They appeared in the films A Hard Day’s Night (1964)and Help! (1965).
干扰项分析对比:
2017 年11 月浙江卷中,E 项只与34 题所在段落的建议(多感官实践以加深记忆)相关,即E项为34题的干扰项,但放在该空中与上下文意思完全不通顺,连人称代词都不连贯或照应,因此干扰项E 项很容易排除。
而2019 年6 月浙江卷中第二段按照时间顺序介绍了Beatles 乐队在英国流行起来的过程,F 项不仅与上下句人称代词照应,而且从句意上看,Beatles 参演电影与下一句在俱乐部开大型演唱会十分通顺连贯,并且从“mid-1963”到“1964”和“1965”的衔接十分符合该段落的时间逻辑,因此很容易误选F 项。但由于整段内容主要是介绍Beatles乐队的音乐非常受欢迎,故B 项比F 项更能突出该段主旨。
因此,如今学生在解答浙江省新高考“七选五”时不仅需要考虑语义、代词等是否通顺连贯,还需要从段落或文章主旨、文章结构、段际关系等多个角度衡量,筛选出最佳选项。
3.干扰项细节复现(2017 年6 月浙江卷 VS 2020 年1 月浙江卷)
(2017 年6 月浙江卷第2~5 段)
● When your boss or professor sends you out to do man-on-the-street interviews for a story,think about the topic and develop a list of about ten general questions relating to it.For example,if your topic is about environmental problems in America,you might ask,“Why do you think environmental protection is important in America?” ___32_
● Hit the streets with confidence.___33___ Say,“Excuse me,I work for XYZ News,and I was wondering if you could share your opinion about this topic.” This is a quick way to get people to warm up to you.
...
● ___34___ Each interview that you get on the street shouldn’t be longer than ten minutes.As soon as you get the answer you need,move on to the next person.Make sure that as you go from interview to interview,you are getting a variety of answers.If everyone is giving you the same answer,you won’t be able to use it.A safe number of interviews to conduct is about six to ten. ___35_
A.Limit your time.
B.As you approach people,be polite.
C.If you don’t own a camera,you can buy one.
F.That number of interviews should give you all the answers you need.
G.With a question like this,you will get more than a “Yes”or“No”reply.
(2020 年1 月浙江卷)
34 (In 1993 the United Nations decided that March 22nd is the World Day for Water.) On this day every year,countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world.At one school in the UK,children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water.___35___ People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.
C.It is to inspire people to learn more about water-related problems.
G.In this way,they know how it feels to walk a long distance carrying heavy bottles.
干扰项对比分析:
2017 年6 月浙江卷中,干扰项C 项为具体的建议,但与具体建议有关的四道选题,无一涉及“camera”,因此很容易将C 项排除。
而2020 年1 月浙江卷中,干扰项C 项却出现了关键词“water”的复现。文章最后一段主要介绍“世界节水日”及其相关活动,第二句就说明了各个国家在“世界节水日”举行活动的主要目的是教育人们了解污水问题,而C 项中“鼓励人们了解更多与水有关的问题”就正好与活动目的一致,故学生很容易误选C 项。但上一句具体介绍了“孩子们背着6 升水行走6 千米”的活动,因此G 项能更具体地对应该活动的目的。
因此,如今高考英语“七选五”的干扰项也已经开始反套路,出现关键词复现的选项不一定是正确选项,还需要多方位、多角度地审查各个选项,这就要求学生思维缜密且全面。
二、命题动向分析
为什么浙江省新高考英语“七选五”会呈现文章主旨与结构更隐晦、段落主旨与结构更复杂、干扰项更难排除的趋势呢?因为新高考英语最初两年命制试题时,考虑到“七选五”为新题型,不宜太难,但考试结果显示“七选五”试题对考生的区分度不大。为了达到高考选拔人才的要求,达到《普通高中英语课程标准(2017 年版2020 年修订)》(以下简称《课程标准》)的要求,“七选五”试题难度增加实属必然。
《课程标准》将思维品质列为英语学科核心素养之一,并将其界定为“思维在逻辑性、批判性、创新性等方面所表现的能力和水平”。其中思维在逻辑性上的能力又表现为“归纳语言及语篇的特点”“辨识语言表达的形式和语篇结构的功能”“分析和评价语篇所承载的观点、态度、情感和意图”等。《课程标准》对英语理解性技能的要求中也包含“从语篇中提取主要信息和观点,理解语篇要义”“理解语篇中显性或隐性的逻辑关系”“把握语篇的结构以及语言特征”“识别书面语篇中常见的指代和衔接关系”。
“七选五”阅读理解以语篇为载体,其设题的不完整性要求学生通过对篇章整体内容和结构的把握、上下文逻辑关系的理解、词汇复现、代词连贯等,弄清文章各个元素之间的相互作用和紧密关联,通过分析、比较、归纳、推理等思维活动,形成系统连贯的完整篇章。
因此,“七选五”作为最能考查学生理解文章主旨、语篇结构、行文逻辑与语义衔接的题型,必然要增加难度和区分度,以此考查学生的思维能力,为国家挑选出最具有核心素养的现代化人才。
三、应对策略
要满足《课程标准》和高考英语“七选五”的要求,除了要不断积累语言知识、增强语言能力,还要不断培养思维能力。
(一)整体性思维
要解答好“七选五”这一题型,首先要把握文章主旨,这不仅是因为“七选五”试题必然包括主旨大意题,也因为文章的细节是为作者表达中心思想服务的,把握了文章主旨,才能更好地理解细节。因此,整体性思维不仅应该用于应对主旨大意题,更应该成为阅读任何文章的长期习惯。做“七选五”阅读理解时,应首先浏览全文,弄清文章的中心大意,运用整体性思维把握文章的行文思路。
(二)结构性思维
近年来“七选五”文章的结构不再清晰明了,因此需要更多地分析篇章层次和结构,包括文章结构和段落结构。一方面,文章结构能帮助学生更好地理解文章主旨,段落结构能帮助学生更好地理解段落主旨,另一方面,理解文章的段落结构和逻辑也能帮助学生更好地理解细节。对于“七选五”试题来说,结构性思维必不可少。
(三)综合性思维
任何解题技巧都不是绝对的,段首空不一定是段落主旨句,段中空也有可能是主旨句,段尾空不一定总结整段内容,出现词汇复现的选项不一定是正确答案,主旨吻合或句意连贯的选项也不一定是正确答案。只有全面地、综合地分析各个要素间的关系,才能避免思维的偏差,准确地选出最佳选项。