英语长句的建构与解构
——以一堂课堂教学为例
2020-11-16澳门
澳门
长期以来,英语长句一直是高中阶段各个考试的重点、难点,也是学生的易错点、失分点。所以,教师平时开展的该类型的学法指导课应具有时效性和实际意义。本文用“树”作比喻,以2018~2020 年高考真题为例,把英语句子形象化,具体展示英语长句的建构和解构。
一、课堂导入
首先,教师播放3 分钟英文版本《华南早报》(South China Morning Post)的时事新闻视频,内容是钟南山院士评价香港应对此次新型冠状病毒疫情的举措。这种贴近学生生活的“视觉支架”(visual scaffolding)可以帮助学生联系所见画面和所听口语,激活图式和背景知识。有关实际生活的语料输入,有利于为随后的输出做好铺垫。然后,教师可以用与视频相关的图片通过设问“Who is he?”设置悬念,引出时下热门公众人物钟南山院士,因为图片或辅助图属于半实体(semi-concrete)物品,有助于学生联系现实生活,提高自己的表达欲望。接着,教师请学生尝试用一句话涵盖钟南山的四个方面:job (doctor),hometown(Xiamen,Fujian),education (Beijing Medical University),achievement[SARS (2003),COVID-19]。学生先体验到本节课的学习难度,为接下来学习新内容的必要性做好心理准备。然后,教师呈现一个示范例句“He is Zhong Nanshan,an extremely excellent doctor graduating from Beijing Medical University,whose hometown is Xiamen,Fujian,leading the fights against SARS in 2003 and COVID-19 pandemic.”,句子的主干和修饰成分以一棵树的形式呈现,教师可依据图1按照先“主干”后“枝叶”,从下往上、从里往外、从左往右的顺序制作成动画,模拟树的自然生长顺序,使之逐步变得枝繁叶茂,直观地展示出超长句子的结构。
图1 “He is Zhong Nanshan,...”例句树状图
最后,自然地过渡到本节课的教学内容:如何建构和解构英语长句。拟共同达成的以核心素养为导向的教学目标包括:①语言能力:Understand the long sentence structures and distinguish their modifiers.②学习能力: Construct and deconstruct long sentences in authentic tests.③思维品质:Learn to think positively and reversely.④文化品格:Appreciate the beauty of long sentences.这种演绎法可以让学生预知本课将要学习的内容及主要活动,形成目标期待。
二、长句建构
教师先引导学生复习英语的基本句型,然后示范长句的建构:在基础的句子结构上,不断添加成分,如形容词、副词、名词短语、介词短语、非谓语短语、并列、从句等。以“He is Zhong Nanshan,...”为例,见图2。
然后教师再次以树的形式形象地总结“句子=主干+修饰成分”,并把修饰成分归纳总结为“三短两词并列从句”,使复杂的概念简单化、清楚易记,见图3。
图2 “He is Zhong Nanshan,...”例句建构树状图
图3 英语长句建构树状图
三、长句解构
教师可制作动画,以“砍树”的动画形式,用斧头一刀刀地砍下“枝叶”——“名词短语、介词短语、非谓语短语、形容词、副词、并列词、从句”,留下“主干”——“主谓宾或主系表”。这种“树状剖析法”的操作步骤为:识别并括起名词短语、介词短语、非谓语短语、形容词、副词、从句→框起并列词→删除这些修饰成分→主干画下划线。如:He is Zhong Nanshan,[an [extremely] [excellent]doctor] [graduating] [from Beijing Medical University],[whose hometown is Xiamen,Fujian],[leading the fights] [against SARS] [in 2003] and [COVID-19 pandemic].通过教师的技巧点拨,学生可以锻炼自身的思维品质,在建构和解构之间穿梭,学会逆向思考。
四、高考真题演练
教学实践证明,熟练利用括号化简法解构长句能够帮助学生厘清句子结构,明确句意,提高解题效率和答题准确率。加法建构长句则更有助于学生熟悉语法结构,运用更复杂的句式。下面笔者以2018~2020 年高考英语全国卷Ⅰ真题为例,分析如何进行长句的解构和建构。
【例1】(2020年全国卷Ⅰ,阅读理解C篇)
...According to most calculations,race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里)per hour,which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking,although fewer than running,which would probably burn about 1 000 or more calories per hour.(48 words,不含中文注释)
【解构】这是一个48 词的超长句子,以具体数据将竞走与跑步时身体所消耗的能量进行对比。教师引导学生把介词短语“According to most calculations”、非谓语短语“moving at a pace of six miles per hour”、从句“which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking”、连接词“although”、形容词“fewer”、介词短语“than running”、从 句“which would probably burn about 1 000 or more calories per hour”用括号括起来,剩下的主干画下 划 线,即 [According to most calculations],race walkers[moving at a pace of six miles per hour] would burn about 800 calories(卡路里)per hour,[which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking],[although] [fewer] [than running],[which would probably burn about 1 000 or more calories per hour].
【译文】根据大多数计算结果,竞走者以每小时6 英里的速度行走会消耗约800 卡路里,这虽然小于跑步者每小时消耗1000 或更多的卡路里,却几乎是走路燃烧的卡路里的两倍。
【例2】(2018年全国卷Ⅰ,“七选五”)
__38___ .They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows,mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms.Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa,small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.(24+27 words)
D.Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with
E.It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces
【解构】这是一道段首设空题,一般为段落中心句,本题设空后有两句话,共51 词。所以,通过梳理后面句子主干,学生即可快速得知答案。为此,教师引导学生先找出句子修饰成分并把它们删除。They’re the little spots[of color] [like throw pillows,mirrors and baskets] [that most of us used to add visual interest to our rooms].[Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa,] small color choices bring [with them] the significant benefit [of being easily changeable].
再对比选项D 和E,学生不难发现D 项很明显可简化为Small color choices are the ones [we’re most familiar with].而E 项的核心词为not a good idea,故可快速锁定答案为D。
【译文】小型彩色饰品是我们最熟悉的。它们上面有一些小的颜色斑点,比如抱枕、镜子和篮子,我们大多数人用它们来给房间增添视觉趣味。小型彩色饰品不像粉刷墙壁那么累人,也不像买一个彩色沙发那么贵,具有能轻易改变环境的显著好处。
【例3】(2020年全国卷Ⅰ,完形填空)
What if later in ___54___ they come to a metaphorical door,like an opportunity(机会)of some sort,and ___55___ opening the door and taking the opportunity,they just ___56___ it and wonder,“What if it isn’t a door?” (40 words,含答案)
【解构】括号化简法处理:长句[What if later in life they come to a metaphorical door]、介词短语[like an opportunity]、[of some sort]、并列词and、介词短语[instead of opening the door and taking the opportunity]、长句[“What if it isn’t a door?”],即[What if later in life they come to a metaphorical door],[like an opportunity] [of some sort],and[instead of opening the door and taking the opportunity],they just stare at it and wonder,[“What if it isn’t a door?”]剩下主干为they [just] stare at it and wonder。
【译文】如果在以后的生活中,他们遇到类似的一扇隐喻的门(比如某种机会),他们并不会去开门抓住机会,而只是盯着它想,“如果它不是门呢?”
【例4】(2019年全国卷Ⅰ,语法填空)
Scientists have responded by ___67___ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements,leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are ___68___ (high)than they actually are.(26 词)
【解构】首先,学生先识别到介词“by”接动词ing 形式构成介词短语,并将其括起来;随后的“that”引导了一个宾语从句,所以把“that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements,”括起来;将非谓语短语“leading to the illusion (错觉)”括起来;第二个“that”引导一个同位语从句“populations are__68___ (high) than they actually are.”简化后的句子主干为“Scientists have responded.”,即Scientists have responded [by__67___ (note) [that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements],[leading to the illusion(错觉) ][that populations are ___68___ (high) than they actually are].故答案很明显,分别为“noting”和“higher”。
【译文】科学家们在回应时已指出,饥饿的熊可能聚集在人类居住区周围,这导致人们产生错觉,以为它们的数量比实际的更多。
以上例1~4 为长句的解构:运用括号化简法,解码2018~2020 年高考英语真题,无缝对接高考阅读理解、“七选五”、完形填空、语法填空题型,帮助学生快速高效地提高解题能力。以下例5 则为长句的建构:学生将以教师提供的半控制式的长句结构为脚手架(scaffolding),不断做加法,在书面表达部分输出更高级的句子。
【例5】(2018年全国卷Ⅰ,书面表达)
假定你是李华,你的新西兰朋友Terry 将去中国朋友家做客,发邮件向你询问有关习俗。请你回复邮件,内容包括:
1.到达时间;
2.合适的礼物;
3.餐桌礼仪。
注意:
1.词数100 左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
教师选取表达内容较丰富的第二个要点“合适的礼物”,请学生参照写作提示,对“I would bring some gifts...”进行灵活拓展,见图4。为方便学生阅读,教师可设置横向树状图,也可设置竖向树状图。
图4 “I would bring some gifts...”拓展树状图
随后教师可以组织学生进行课堂展示(presentation)、自评(self-assessment)和互评(peer-assessment)环节,让学生分享学习成果。
【学生例句】As culture differs,I would,with great sincerity,bring some rather stylish gifts,which is peculiar to our country,to express my gratitude to the host or hostess.
【译文】鉴于文化各异,我会真心带上一些相当有特色的礼物。这些礼物为我们国家所独有,以此表达我对(女)主人的感谢。
该生灵活运用写作支架,输出的长句含28 词,在主干“I would bring some gifts”的基础上,增添了从句“As culture differs”、介词短语“with great sincerity”、副词“rather”、形容词“stylish”、从句“which is peculiar to our country”、非谓语短语“to express my gratitude”、介词短语“to the host or hostess”、并列结构“or”。教师同时提醒学生注意:长句并非越长越好,切忌一味追求“高大上”,宜长短句结合。接着,教师展示高级长句例句:
【教师例句】[In addition],[were I you],[when I pay a visit to my Chinese friends],I would [merrily] bring some[appropriate] gifts,[which are very classic and meaningful souvenirs] [bought] [from my own country],[to express my heartfelt gratitude] [towards them].(40 words)
【译文】另外,如果我是你,当我去拜访我的中国朋友时,我会很高兴地带一些合适的礼物。这些礼物是在我国购买的非常经典且有意义的纪念品,以此来表达我从心底对他们的感激之情。
最后,教师对照修订后的布鲁姆(Bloom)“学习金字塔”,以三角形层层递升的模式总结本节课的学生活动,呼应教学目的。然后,教师再次展示“英语树”,强化学生对句子“主干”和“枝叶”的记忆,再现英语长句的建构和解构。作业部分以生为本,学生自主选择,巩固新知。必做:复习长句的结构,尝试用括号化简法解构至少两个近期试卷上的长句;选做:用加法把作文中的至少两个句子润色升级为高级长句。
本节课的教学设计做到了《普通高中英语课程标准(2017 年版2020 年修订)》中的“学习理解、应用实践、迁移创新”,学生活动契合了Anderson 等人(2001)修正Bloom(1956)中的“教学目标分类”中的“记忆、理解、应用、分析、评估、创造”,备受同人和学生们称赞。但需注意,本文所提的长句不完全等同于长难句。因为长句不一定是难句,长句可长可难,特殊句式的短句也可能是难句。“三短两词并列从句”不是灵丹妙药,并非可套用于所有类型的长句。但是,笔者认为,在语法基本功扎实的前提下,学生灵活运用“加法建构、减法解构”这一方法应对结构规律的长句,可攻破长句这一难题。