APP下载

指向思维提升的小学英语写作教学实践

2020-08-21宫文胜

关键词:逻辑性习作笔者

宫文胜

摘要:思维品质的发展有助于提升学生分析和解决问题的能力,使他们能够从跨文化视角观察和认识世界,对事物做出正确的价值判断。写作是思维的训练,思维品质的培养是写作思维训练的关键。指向思维提升的小学英语写作教学策略有:搭建写作支架,培养思维的逻辑性;自主提炼写法,培养思维的深刻性;促进写作评价,培养思维的批判性;创新写作形式,培养思维的创新性。

关键词:写作教学思维品质写作支架写作评价寫作形式

思维品质是英语学科核心素养之一,指思维在逻辑性、批判性、创新性等方面所表现的能力和水平。思维品质的发展有助于提升学生分析和解决问题的能力,使他们能够从跨文化视角观察和认识世界,对事物做出正确的价值判断。从写作思维学的角度看,写作是思维的训练,思维品质的培养是写作思维训练的关键。作为一名在一线耕耘二十余载、专题研究写作教学四年多的小学英语教师,笔者深刻体会到:思维水平的高低决定了写作水平的高低,“为思而教”应成为英语写作教学改革的趋向。

一、搭建写作支架,培养思维的逻辑性

思维的逻辑性,即思维活动应遵循逻辑的方法和规律,按照逻辑的程序进行。思维的逻辑性反映出思维是一种抽象的理论认识,主要表现在思维过程遵循严格的逻辑规则与逻辑顺序。体现思维逻辑性的写作作品,总是有根有据,条理分明,层次清晰,前后连贯。

小学生语言能力较弱,在写作过程中容易产生畏难情绪,丧失写作兴趣和信心。让小学生的写作有逻辑性,需要教师提供帮助和引导的支架,降低任务难度,让学生更好地进入学习情境,轻松、便捷地梳理素材、组织语言、谋篇布局。

(一)设置问题链

问题是学生思维的触发器。“问题链”是教师为了实现特定的教学目标,根据学生已有的知识和经验,针对他们在学习过程中可能产生的困惑,紧紧围绕学习主题,将教材知识转化成一组有中心、有序列、相对独立而又相互关联的教学问题。在写作教学中,教师可引导学生基于精心设计的问题链进行串联思考,或基于语言、思维、内容等自主设置问题链,在帮助学生理清写作思路、构建写作框架的同时,开展理解、分析、评价等思维活动,培养思维的逻辑性。

有教师教学译林版小学英语六年级上册Unit 3 Holiday fun中Think and write板块的内容时,分三步引导学生搜集、梳理写作素材。第一步,引入写作策略The Five Ws,逐一介绍策略中的五个“W”(what, when, who, where, why)。第二步,指导学生运用The Five Ws策略,针对写作话题my holiday(我的假期)进行提问,并对这些问题进行梳理,形成一条问题链:“When was the holiday?→Where did you go?→Who did you visit (stay with)?→What did you do/see/eat?→Why do you write about the holiday?”第三步,要求学生基于问题链,自主完成写作清单。某学生完成的写作清单如图1所示。

图1

以上案例中,教师引导学生基于The Five Ws策略自主提问,梳理出衔接自然、流畅,浑然一体的五个问题,形成了一条环环相扣的问题链,极大地降低了学生自主搜集素材、组织语言、搭建习作框架的难度,有效培养了学生提取关键信息和理清逻辑关系的能力,提升了学生的逻辑思维水平。

(二)绘制思维导图

思维导图利用图示的方法呈现人们头脑中的概念、思想、理论等,让隐性知识显性化、可视化,便于人们思考、交流和表达。写作教学中,运用思维导图这一可视化支架,有助于学生厘清习作中词、句、段之间的内在逻辑关系,直观、形象地呈现学生思维在语篇布局上由散乱到有序的过程。

教学译林版小学英语五年级上册Unit 3 Our animal friends中的Draw and Write板块内容时,笔者先在黑板上画出monkey(猴子)的轮廓图,引导学生讨论猴子的外形特征和生活习性,并将反映这些特征和习性的单词标注在轮廓图中相应的位置(见图2)。然后,让学生根据轮廓图和单元句式“It is.../It has.../It can...”扩词成句,进而形成一篇短文(见图3)。

图2

The monkey

The monkey is brown. It is very clever. It has a small nose and a big mouth. It has a long tail and two long arms. It can climb trees. I like monkeys.

图3之后,笔者分别出示pig(猪)、elephant(大象)、panda(熊猫)的图片,要求每个小组选择一幅图,在充分交流、合作的基础上,绘制出轮廓图并标注信息,根据信息扩词成句以及排列语序,完成写作。

事实证明,思维导图不仅能帮助学生积累较为丰富的写作素材,明确具体的写作内容,促使学生自主分析、归纳出写作的可循步骤,而且能在标注关键信息、扩词成句、排列语序、建构框架的写作过程中,有效训练学生思维的逻辑性。

二、自主提炼写法,培养思维的深刻性

思维的深刻性,即思维活动的抽象程度和逻辑水平,涉及思维活动的广度和深度,它集中表现在是否善于深入思考问题,抓住事物的本质和规律,预见事物的发展进程。在写作教学中,通过精心的设计,引导学生自主发现、提炼写作的技巧与策略,能够有效地训练学生敏锐的观察、辨别能力和缜密的分析、归纳能力,培养学生思维的深刻性。

因疫情期间“停课不停学”的需要,笔者于2020年3月受南京市教研室委托,为南京市教育局官方网课平台“金陵微校·名师精品课堂”录制了一节高年级写作指导课。基于写作话题my holiday(我的假期),笔者在指导写作策略“如何写出优美的长句”时,首先引导学生合作完成一篇习作(见图4),然后展示了一篇自己完成的范文(见图5),要求学生在小组讨论的基础上找出习作与范文的不同之处,掌握写优美长句的方法。

My holiday

I have a special holiday. It is winter holiday. I stay at home. I cant go anywhere. I cant meet friends or relatives. I have lessons at home. I see people wearing masks when they are working. I see doctors go to Wuhan. I feel touched.

图4My holiday

I have a special winter holiday. Because of COVID 19, I stay at home and cant go anywhere. I cant meet friends or relatives. I have lessons on the Internet. I see many people wearing masks when they are working and I see brave doctors go to Wuhan. I feel very touched because they fight for us with lives.

圖5各小组讨论结束后,笔者与学生展开如下对话:

师(指图5) Compare model essay with our writing. Try to find the differences and get ideas for how to make long and beautiful sentences.

生It says “I have a special holiday. It is winter holiday” in our writing. But it says “I have a special winter holiday” in model essay.

生It says “I stay at home. I cant go anywhere” in our writing. But it says “I stay at home and cant go anywhere” in model essay.

生It says “I see people wearing masks when they are working. I see doctors go to Wuhan” in our writing. But it says “I see many people wearing masks when they are working and I see brave doctors go to Wuhan” in model essay.

师Thats right. To make long and beautiful sentences, we can combine the sentences. What else can you find?

生There are some words like “many”“brave” “very”in model essay, but there are no such words in our writing.

师Yes! So we can use descriptive words to expand the sentence. Anything else?

生There are some phrases like “because of COVID 19” “because they fight for us with their lives” in model essay, but there arent any in our writing.

师Great! To expand the sentences, we can also tell when, where, why and how.

生There are some repeated words like “cant”“at home” in our writing, but there arent any in model essay.

师Good point. To make beautiful sentences, we can change repeated words or sentences.

师Now, who can tell me how to make long and beautiful sentences?

生To make long and beautiful sentences, we can combine the sentences, expand the sentence and change repeated words or sentences.

以上案例中,笔者基于对学生实际情况的充分了解和精准预测,精心撰写了范文,意在让学生通过对比自己的习作和范文,充分感知优美长句的作用。由此,学生发现了习作与范文的不同之处,掌握了“combine the sentences”“expand the sentence”“change repeated words or sentences”等写出优美长句的策略。在充分、深度的比较、分析、归纳等思维活动中,学生思维的深刻性得以发展。

三、促进写作评价,培养思维的批判性

批判性思维,是通过一定的标准评价思维,进而改善思维,是合理的、反思性的思维。它既是思维技能,也是思维倾向。学习性评价又被称为“促进学习的评价”,是寻求与解释证据,让学生及教师以此确定当前的学习水平、学习目标以及如何达到学习目标的过程。评价应针对学习目标和学业标准,对学生学习状况进行及时、有效的反馈。

将学习性评价应用于写作教学,能及时、精准地评价、分析学生错误产生的原因,提出改进的学习策略和教学方法,有助于优化学生习作的品质,提升学生的写作技能,培养学生思维的批判性。

笔者执教“金陵微校·名师精品课堂”的写作指导课时,精心设计了评价环节:先引导学生对照核查单(见图6),评析师生合作完成的习作;再邀请部分学生小组上台,围绕话题my holiday(我的假期),以接龙的方式进行口头描述,其他学生基于核查单给予评价并提出改进建议,笔者适时指导。

核查单(Check List)

1.中心句与支撑句相互照应。

2.语言正确、流畅。

3.书写规范、工整。

4.表达生动有趣。

图6在此基础上,笔者展示部分学生独立完成的习作,引导学生先基于核查单提出修改建议,再根据评分表评定等级。本环节的师生对话如下:

师(出示图7)Boys and girls, read Marys writing carefully, and then try to give some advice based on the check list.

图7

生I think its a good writing because the topic sentence and surpporting sentences match well.

生I think the language is correct and fluent.

生I think the sentences are not interesting.Theyre too short.

生There is a mistake in “some nice flower”. It should be “some nice flowers”.

生The word “interesting” is not clear. Its spelling is wrong. Letter “e” is missing.

生We should add a full stop after “go out”.

生I think the words are too small. We can make them bigger.

生The surpporting sentences “I often play games and watch TV with my grandpa. I can see some nice flower and interesting animals” do not match the topic sentence “I have a boring winter holiday.”

师 Good job! (出示下页图8)Well, heres Jacks writing. Whats your advice?

生We can add “with my family” after “I stay at home” and “because of COVID 19” after “I dont go to school”.

图8

生We can add “great” before “lessons”, “interesting” before “books” and “exciting” before “computer games”.

生We can combine “I read books” and “I play computer games” using “and”.

生We should capitalize the letter “i” in “internet”.

师(出示评分表,见表1)Heres an evaluation sheet. How many stars can Jack get for his writing? Why?

表1

序号评分项★★★★★★1中心句与支撑句相互照应2语言正确、流畅3书写规范、工整4表达生动有趣标准等级A:10—12★;等级B:6—9★;等级C:6★以下等级批阅人生He can get 3 stars on item1 because the topic and surpporting sentences match well.

生He can get 3 stars on item2 because the language is correct and fluent.

生The handwriting is just so so and the letter “i” in “internet” is not capitalized. So he can get 2 stars on item3.

生He can get 1 star on item4 because the sentences are not long and beautiful.

師OK. Jack has got 9 stars.The grade is B.

之后,笔者要求学生基于评分表进行同桌互评,并将评分结果贴到相应习作的下方;教师对学生二次修改后的习作进行复评,主要核查习作的低分项是否得到有效改进。

上述案例中的习作评价与反馈贯穿教学的全过程,并渗透各个环节。“核查单”“评分表”是笔者在透析写作主题、写作目标以及写作内容的基础上,针对本节课的学情量身定制的,内含的四个评价指标一脉相承,为习作评价提供了清晰的标准和充分的依据。基于“核查单”“评分表”展开的师生对话以及批阅者与写作者的互动,不仅指出了习作中存在的问题,完善了习作修改,而且促使学生运用评价指标进行有意识的深度思考并做出有充分根据的判断,有效提升了学生的批判性思维。

四、创新写作形式,培养思维的创新性

思维的创新性,指打破固有的思维模式,从新的角度,新的方式去思考,得出不一样的并且具有创造性的结论。笔者认为,通过改进和创新写作形式,引导学生改写、续写、缩写以及扩写教材课文、经典绘本等,不仅能够激发学生的写作兴趣,提升学生的写作技能,还能有效培养他们思维的创新性。

教学译林版小学英语五年级下册Unit 1 Cinderella中Think and write板块的内容时,针对教材中故事内容不够完整的情况,笔者进行了“三步走”设计:第一步,出示图9,要求学生根据课文内容,尝试补全短文中缺漏的词语;第二步,出示下页图10,要求学生运用本单元的目标句型 because...合并句子或补充细节,使短文更有趣,

图9

图10

图11

语句更优美;第三步,出示图11,要求学生通过小组合作的方式,为故事添加开头和结尾。

从补全词语到合并句子,再到给故事添加开头和结尾,任务的难度基于文本具体的语境逐步推进,使得学生的思考既能立足文本,又能有所拓展和创新。在此基础上,他们写出了独具创意的故事开头和结尾:

故事开头:

①Cinderella is a nice and kind girl. Her mother is dead. Her father is often away from home. She lives with her step mother and sisters.They treat her badly.

②Cinderella is a poor girl. She has no father or mother. She lives with her aunts family. Aunt and her daughters treat Cinderella as a maid.

故事結尾:

①Step mother and sisters are very shocked and sorry. Prince takes Cinderella to the palace. They get married and live happily in the palace.

②Prince is very excited. He takes Cinderella to the palace and wants to marry her. The king and queen dont agree because Cinderella is a poor maid. Cinderella goes back to aunts house sadly.

综观以上案例,无论是运用目标句式补充细节的安排,还是为故事添加开头结尾的设计,都有效激活了学生的思维,使之呈现出了无限创意,其中包括“生母早逝、父亲奔波、继母跋扈”“父母双亡、寄人篱下”“得偿所愿、皆大欢喜”“惨遭鄙视、驱逐出宫”的想象等。扩写、改写等训练,有效促进了学生对故事的深度理解,充分发展了学生的合作能力和写作技能,从而培养了学生的创新性思维。

参考文献:

[1] Buzan, T. Use Your Head [M]. London: BBC Books, 2004.

[2] 陈静.高中作文教学中的写作思维训练[D].长春:东北师范大学,2008.

[3] 冯丽,杨勤心.在初中英语写作课中发展学生的思维品质——以一节写作修改课为例[J].中小学外语教学(中学篇),2016(7).

[4] 傅海燕.指向思维发展的支架式读写教学探索[J].中小学外语教学(中学篇),2018(8).

[5] 刘忠保.例谈初中英语语法课上学生主动思维能力的培养[J].中小学英语教学与研究,2017(8).

[6] 王薇.基于学习性评价理论的课堂评价研究[J].教育理论与实践,2016(8).

[7] 张薇.学习性评价理论视角下的大学英语写作多元反馈研究[J].亚太教育,2015(7).

猜你喜欢

逻辑性习作笔者
老师,别走……
换位思考,教育更精彩
老师,你为什么不表扬我
逻辑性
浅谈数学课堂教学中的小学生个性化学习
浅谈法律解释的重要性和方法
巧引路轻点拨,豁然开朗
习作展示
性能相差达32%