自然、保护与土地

半年前带学生苏州实习，有机会再次到城西北的虎丘，据说在远古时代原本是海湾中时隐时现的孤丘，称海涌山，经历代持久地营建而成名胜。过山门海涌流晖、大吴胜壤，经拥翠山庄、憨憨泉，过流纹岩的千人坐和白莲池，沿剑池风壑云泉上双井桥，到隐喻海浪如雪的雪浪亭后登顶见云岩寺塔，30 m高的小山竟迂回曲折，气象磅礴，穿越了春秋至今2 000年的时光，让人由衷赞叹人工之美入天然的风景魅力。

人类对自然的认知过程充满了探索性，从生存、生产到信仰、审美及融入人文。从艺术角度认知和赞美自然，营造“人化的自然”是中国的传统与专长。“两山排闼送青来”，作为一个多山的国家，古人对自然的最初认识或许就是从家门前的山开始的,不断把自身情感与山水自然融合，形成“物情一体”的自然观。晋·顾恺之从会稽还，云“千岩竞秀，万壑争流，草木朦胧其上，若云兴霞蔚”，宗白华先生认为晋人向外发现了自然之美，向内则发现了自己的深情，并感受到了对自然景物的联想与象征。循着这样的自然认知，在大地上经过上千年的人文积累和书写，形成国土上的名山大川、名景胜迹。

西方经历了启蒙运动对如画式景致的欣赏后发展到浪漫主义时期，人们重新认知和发现了自然，主张在动态体验中感知自然，并对庄严崇高渐感兴趣，开始了对高山景观的欣赏与探索。德国画家卡斯帕·大卫·弗里德里希（Caspar David Friedrich）名作《云海上的旅人》描绘了一位身着礼服的男士站在岩石山顶，俯瞰半掩在云雾中的山峰，旅人的礼服更像是城市散步者的衣着，而非远足登山的装束，这既表达了对山地与森林的赞美，又表现了具象征意义的自然。同期，英国作家发表了《湖区指南》，倡导人们观赏自然与景观的本来面貌。美国人则对荒野有着天然的审美热爱，赞美崇高的荒野景观，公众对自然的再认知和对转变土地管理方式的倡议，促成北美早期自然保护地的建立。伴随着19世纪末工业化进程加快，人地关系紧张，环境问题突出以及生物学、生态学等科学的发展，人们逐渐意识到保护具有代表性的自然生态系统、栖息地对于保障区域生态安全和维持社会发展的重要性，为约束对自然的过度开发，开始系统地建立自然保护地。查尔斯·W·艾略奥特（Charles W. Eliot）更是把大波士顿地区有价值的山体、森林、荒野和海滩进行整体保护，并与河流、道路串联成区域自然系统。不同时代人们对自然具有不同的认知坐标，从围垦农田、圈地运动、城乡建设等对土地的开发，到将具有维系生物多样性和人文价值的土地进行保护的转变，是对现实生态环境压力的回应，更是一种文明的进步。

我国已经具有了多种类型自然保护地的基础，如自然保护区、风景名胜区、地质公园、海洋公园和湿地公园等。这些保护地是依照部门职能、资源分类和行政区划分原则划定具有保护价值的土地，但由于土地具有的多重价值出现了重叠设置和多头管理的局面。随着各类自然保护地管理职能归入统一部门，为自然保护地更系统更科学的发展提供了新的契机。但仍需要保持对具有自然保护价值土地多样性的认知，避免过于聚焦在单一领域，充分认识自然保护地对生态系统和历史文化传承等方面的典型价值，逐步调整完善既有自然保护地体系。

本刊自2005年公开发行，在创刊主编王向荣教授15年的带领下，勾勒出清晰的办刊思路和风格，塑造了本刊的学术形象与气质，搭建了行业广泛认同的交流平台，促成本刊入选核心期刊，影响力不断扩大。我们会继续在编委会、编辑部、作者和读者的支持下努力前行，成为有力支撑行业发展的媒体力量，因为这本就是一个风景园林的好的时代！

主编：郑曦教授

2020年2月26日

Nature, Protection, and Land

Half a year ago, during the time I was leading the students’ field trip in Suzhou, I paid another visit to the Huqiu Hill in the northwest of the city. It is said that in ancient times, it used to be a butte in the bay, called Haiyong Hill, sometimes appearing and sometimes disappearing. After consistent constructions and renovations one dynasty after another, it became a scenic spot. Walking through the screen wall with characters “HAIYONGLIUHUI” and the inscribed tablet “DAWUSHENGRANG” at the hill gate and passing through the Yongcui Villa and the Hanhan Spring, and then the giant rhyolite rock “A thousand people’s seat” and the White Lotus Pond, guided by the Two-well Bridge aside the Sward Pond Spring scripted with “FENGHEYUNQUAN”, you will reach the Snow-white-wave Pavilion, leading to the top, where the Yunyan Temple Pagoda stands. This round-about route on the mere 30-meter-tall hill takes one on a time-crossing trip from the age of Spring and Autumn Period 2,000 years ago to the present. One can only marvel at the glamourous fusion of man-made works and the nature.

Man explores the nature for his living environment, his activities of production, his beliefs and aesthetic and also cultural values. Recognizing and praising nature from an artistic perspective to create an “humanized nature” are part of the Chinese tradition and specialty. Like a famous poem depicts, “the spring green is awaiting in-between the gate of mountains”, as people born in the mountainous country, our ancestors’ knowledge about nature might arises with the mountains at the front door. By integrating human’s own feelings and emotions with the natural landscapes, the conception of nature called “Object and emotion forming an organic whole” was gradually formed. The ode describing the Kuaiji Mountain by Gu Kaizhi of the Jin Dynasty, is a good example of the Jin people’s admiration of nature: “Thousands of rocks compete for beauty, thousands of gullies strive for rapids, the grass and trees are hazy above the landscape, alike the shining clouds”. As Mr. Zong Baihua pointed out, the people in Jin Dynasty discovered the beauty of outward nature while inwardly they found the deep feelings and emotions of man themselves, feeling an association of their ideas and feelings with natural scenes and symbols. Such a knowledge of nature from a thousand years has created rich and colorful cultural treasures and inscriptions on the earth, forming famous mountains and rivers and numerous places of historical interest and scenic landscapes.

In the West, the Enlightenment Movement went from an admiration of picturesque scenery to a rediscovery and new knowledge of nature at the end of the Romantic Period. People began to feel nature through dynamic experience and began to show an interest in solemn majesty. They started to explore and admire the landscape of high mountains. The German painter Caspar David Friedrich’s famous paintingThe Hiker Over the Sea of Fog (Der Wanderer über dem Nebelmeer)portrays a gentleman in hat and formal dress, standing on top of the mountain overlooking the summits flickering in the clouds. The traveler’s formal dress is more like the attires of strollers in cities rather than hikers, which shows both an admiration of the mountains and forests and the demonstration of a symbolic nature. In the same period, a British writer published the workA Guide to the Lakesand called people to appreciate the virgin beauty of natural scenery.

The Americans showed an instinctive love of the wild, praising the majestic wild landscape. People’s re-cognition of nature and their call for reformation of land management system resulted in the establishment of North America’s nature reserves in the early stage. As the industrialization accelerated at the end of the 19th century, with the tension in man-land relationship, an emergence of environmental issues, and the development of biology and ecology, people realized the significance of the protection of the representative natural and ecological systems and habitats in safeguarding regional ecological security and maintaining social development. To contain the overdevelopment of nature, protected areas were established systematically. Charles W. Eliot even worked to protect all the mountains, forests, the wild, and the beaches in the Greater Boston Area, linked by the rivers and roads, shaping a regional nature system. People of different times view nature from different perspectives. From the enclosure movement, the reclamation of farmland, the city and rural construction to the protection of land with biodiversity and cultural value, the transition is actually an echo to the pressure on the ecological environment, and also a progress in human civilization.

In China, there has been a system of various types of protected areas including nature reserves, scenic areas, geological parks, marine parks and wetland parks, classified according to their departmental functions, resource classification and administrative zoning to identify land with value for protection. However, due to the multi-values character of land, the overlapped inclusion and multiple management were hard to avoid. Yet currently the more unified land management system of protected area has provided new opportunities for a more scientific and systematic development of nature reserves. Still, a better knowledge of land diversity is needed to avoid a focus on single field, along with a better understanding of the typical value of protected areas in the ecosystem and in preserving historical and cultural traditions will also help to improve the current system of protected area.

Since the publication of the first issue of this journal in 2005, guided by the founding editor-in-chief Dr. Wang Xiangrong, a clear vision of the journal’s principals and ideas have been gradually outlined. Throughout the 15 years, with the nature of an academic journal, it has provided the profession with a widely acknowledged platform for communication, and has now become increasingly influential and a journal in CSTPCD. We will continue to work align with the editorial board, all the editors, authors, and readers, strive to be a powerful media force which strongly supports the development of this industry, living up to this good era for Landscape Architecture.