如何提高学生的英语阅读能力和阅读技巧

2019-09-10武瑞雪

世界家苑·学术 2019年4期

武瑞雪

英語的阅读能力是发展其他语言技能的基础和前提，在英语国家中阅读能力是最重要的学习能力，它直接影响学生的英语学习成绩，英语阅读能力实际上是思维能力、理解能力、概括阅读能力与判断能力的综合。

那么如何才能提高阅读能力和阅读技巧呢？

1 扩大词汇量储备

词汇是阅读理解的基石。我们在阅读理解时所遇到的首要问题是词语障碍，没有一定的词汇量作基础，就谈不上理解能力的提高。外语学习者如拥有5000词汇量，阅读正确率可达53%，词汇量达到8000，阅读正确率可达80%。因此，熟练掌握课本单词，适量扩充课外词汇是提高阅读能力的基础。

2 提高阅读速度

阅读速度是阅读能力的一项重要指标。要提高阅读速度，可从几个方面加以训练：

2.1 克服不良的阅读习惯

有些同学在阅读时存在着不少的陋习，如：视野狭窄，一次只看一个单词;用手指着单词，逐个阅读;只理解单词的个别意思，不注意惯用短语、词组的意思;一遇到生词就查字典;为了弄清楚某个意思，反复地阅读前面内容等等。这些不良习惯势必会影响思维的连贯性，造成顾此失彼的结果，对阅读材料缺乏整体性的理解。

2.2 限时阅读训练

限时阅读是根据所读材料的内容难度、长度，并参照大纲对各年级阅读速度的要求，对该材料的阅读时间予以限定。例如：约250字的材料限定5分钟左右。控制时间有利于挖掘学生的阅读能力，专心致志于阅读。

3 阅读理解解题技巧

3.1 先看问题，再带着问题阅读

很多同学在考试中从文章开始阅读，然后再看题目，不得不重新阅读文章去找答案，这样非常影响答题速度。建议平时训练中先阅读问题，带着问题去读文章，这样速度会加快很多，而且可以从问题中能大概推测文章的意思，更有助于快速理解文章。

3.2 重点阅读每段第一句话。

每段的第一句话通常是整段的中心句，接下来的句子都是围绕中心句展开，是对第一句的补充说明，或者是延伸等等。通常会遇到生词，但是这些生词不会影响对文章段落的理解，所以遇到不懂的生词，即时跳过或者根据上下文，推断某些单词和短语的意义。

3.3 注意句子的关键词

中心句的关键词，经常是考点，很多题目都是考察句子的关键词。

尤其是一些有顺承关系的，转折关系的，解释说明的，例如：but.however，the reason is ，because，等等，这些词的后面往往是出题点。

3.4 主旨题，引申题

通常这种题是考察学生对文章的整体把握，一般来说，这种题应该放到最后解答。第一，考生可以通过之前的问题了解文章的主旨和作者的意思;第二，考生可以根据词性了解作者的态度，如果文中经常出现贬义词，那么可以判断作者的态度是否定的。

3.5 遇到生词

通常情况下，只要不影响阅读，生词基本可以跳过，但是如果题目中特别要求解释词的意思但是我们又不熟悉的时候，可以用逻辑推理或者代入法来解答。

下面我们用刚才的几点技巧来看下面文章：

During all this time I never stopped thinking about escape. When I traveled across to the other side of the island， I could see the other islands， and I said to myself， “Perhaps I can get there with a boat. Perhaps I can get back to England one day.”

So I decided to make myself a boat. I cut down a big tree， and then began to make a long hole in it. It was hard work， but about six months later， I had a very fine canoe. Next， I had to get it down to the sea. How silly I was！ Why didn’t I think before I began work？ Of course， the canoe was too heavy. I couldn’t move it！ I pulled and pushed and tried everything， but it didn’t move. I was very unhappy for a long time after that.

That happened in my fourth year on the island. In my sixth year I did make myself a smaller canoe， but I did not try to escape in it. The boat was too small for a long journey， and I did not want to die at sea. The island was my home now， not my prison， and I was just happy to be alive. A year or two later， I made myself a second canoe on the other side of the island. I also built myself a second house there， and so I had two homes.

My life was still busy from morning to night. There were always things to do or to make. I learnt to make new clothes for myself from the skins of dead animals. They looked very strange， it is true， but they kept me dry in the rain.

I kept food and tools at both my houses， and also wild goats. There were many goats on the island， and I made fields with high fences to keep them in. They learnt to take food from me， and soon I had goats’ milk to drink every day. I also worked hard in my corn （玉米） fields. And so many years went by.

（1）To survive， the writer did the following EXCEPT _____________.

A. keeping goats for milk

B. making clothes from animal skins

C. working in the cornfields

D. going fishing in the sea

这是细节题，只要能在文中找到选项就是正确的，但是特别注意题目大写字体。

最后两段中，ABC三个选项在文章中都能找到

（2） Why didn’t the writer use his first canoe？

A. Because it was too small for a long journey.

B. Because it was too heavy to get down to the sea.

C. Because there was something wrong with it.

D. Because the writer was busy building a second house.