五个乡村公厕，淄川，中国

“The call of nature”，字面意思，好像是“自然的召唤”。其实，翻其真意，是“上厕所”。

因此，进入乡村，特别是原来简单结构的乡村，我们首先做的一件事情，是响应大自然的召唤：建厕所。

我们每个人都有着急奔往寻找厕所的经历，人有三急嘛。但大多数原来的乡村，每家每户各有自家的厕所，作为有机肥的小财产库，方便存取，往往尿粪露天开放。因此，以往乡村中上厕所蚊蝇乱飞、臭气熏天、下脚困难等印象，给人不佳的记忆。而建造一两个干净明亮的公共厕所，毫无疑问，是连接乡村与城市、开启乡村封闭系统的一种正确打开方式。吃喝拉撒睡，谁不上厕所？

山东淄博土峪村的村口有一片采石剩下的场地，我们将其改造为停车场，配套一间公共厕所。公厕选在被削出的悬崖底下，材料选用采石场出产的石头和部分砖头，让这个厕所融入环境之中。造型上，我们根据厕所内部的厕位，由内而外，把厕所的外墙进行了折墙处理，在男女厕间两边端头做了落地门窗，再在外面包围一圈小花砖围墙，给厕所安置了两个“风景小院”，增加了采光与风景要素。上厕所，也是需要风景的。建成之后，设计师觉得该厕所还是有点灰灰的，遂抓起大笔，顺着石材纹理，用鲜艳的油彩勾勒了两个似人非人的形象。这两个形象，发在朋友圈引发了激烈的讨论：关于是男是女，关于男女特征，关于上厕所，关于形象所蕴含的意义或暧昧……人们的一些八卦天性，在这里提供了一个可以借题讨论的话题。这个厕所，就这样在公众面前，打开了。

同样是在土峪村，村中的一块不规则场地，设计师用一个圆形建筑放入其中，作为乡村舞台。利用舞台的高差，在舞台后面放置了公厕，既方便又隐蔽。建筑主体用红砖砌筑，在舞台的背景墙设计了5个砖拱包着石砌墙体，传承了村内的“砖包石”传统建筑做法。

厕所是个低调的活儿，按常理不应该大张旗鼓。但我们进村，最先高调建设的往往是厕所，可谓先解燃眉之急。在淄博东庄村，我们根据村庄的上中下，一口气给盖了3个厕所。3个厕所有不同的形式：月亮门后的公厕，平顶，有圆形的月亮门入口，设有三角形采光小院；夹缝中的半圆形公厕，单坡屋顶，石砌的高窗；荷塘边的公厕，建筑被解碎为3个屋顶，入口挑出在荷塘边上。3个厕所都是在原有民居的造型和材料做法基础上设计发展出来的，融入环境，但掩藏不了它们的个性和设计师赋予的匠心。可能因为盖出来之后有点“高调”，以至有村民想把其中的两个厕所改为民宿来经营。

公共厕所的“公共”，正是“经营”乡村的开始。我们将原来自给自足较为封闭的乡村，通过公共空间的介入，让其成为具备城乡共生的公共性空间，开放向整个世界，从而获得一种新生，让乡村获得振兴的一个契机。□

Though the literal meaning of "the call of nature" might be "summoned by nature", it actually refers to the need of "going to toilet". Therefore,when coming to countryside, especially those rural area with a simple structure, the first thing we do is to respond to the call of nature and build up toilets.

We all have an experience of rushing for toilet,like a traditional Chinese saying describes, "three urgent needs of human body". But in most rural area, each household has its own toilet, which is also used as a storeroom of organic fertiliser. For the convenience of obtaining, the excrement is usually exposed. As a result, countryside toilet gives people bad impressions such as flies flying around, bad smell, dirty floor, etc. In this sense, building up one or two clean and bright public toilets is no doubt the right way to connect countryside with city and break the closed system of countryside. As one of the basic needs of human body, i.e. eat, drink, excrete, and sleep, who does not need a toilet?

1 石崖公厕总平面/Site plan of Stone Cliff Toilet

2 石崖公厕平面/Plan of Stone Cliff Toilet

3 石崖公厕剖面/Section of Stone Cliff Toilet

4 石崖公厕外景/Exterior view of Stone Cliff Toilet

5 石崖公厕立面/Façade of Stone Cliff Toilet

6 石崖公厕内景/Interior view of Stone Cliff Toilet

7 舞台公厕总平面/Site plan of Stage Toilet

8 舞台公厕平面/Plan of Stage Toilet

9 舞台公厕剖面/Section of Stage Toilet

At the entrance to Tuyu Village, Zibo City,Shandong Province, there was a field left behind by quarrying, and we reconstructed it into a parking area plus a public toilet. The location of the toilet is under a cliff and the materials used are stones and certain bricks from the quarry field, which blend the toilet into the surrounding environment. In terms of formal design, we applied the method of accordion wall on the external wall from inside to outside based on the positions of toilet cubicles;and on the two ends of the toilet, we made French doors and windows which are enclosed by a bounding wall made of floret bricks, shaping two"scenery courtyards" for the toilet that add daylight and scenery elements to the design. It would be a pleasure to appreciate scenery even when using a toilet. After the construction was completed, the designer was not satisfied with its gray tone, so he drew two human-like images on the wall using bright color paint and following texture of the stone material. When the designer posted the painted images on his Wechat, people carried out heated discussion on questions like whether they are male or female, characteristics of men and women, things about using toilet, and the meaning and ambiguity lying behind the images... a topic for discussion was formed, thanks to people's nature of gossiping. And the toilet was thus opened up in public.

Also in Tuyu Village, there was a place in an irregular shape, where the designer built up a round construction as a performance stage for the village. By making use of the height difference, the designer set a public toilet behind the stage, which is convenient and concealed. The main body of the construction is constructed by using red bricks, and on the background wall of the stage, five brick-made arches are designed to cover the stone wall, which follows the traditional construction method of"brick covering stone" in the village.

Using toilet is in common a low-key activity and there is no need to brag about it. But when we go to a village, toilet construction is usually our top priority in order to address the most urgent need. In Dongzhuang Village, Zibo City, we built up three toilets consecutively at the first, middle,and last parts of the village. These three toilets are in different forms: the one behind the Moon gate is designed with a flat roof, a round moon-shape entrance, and a triangle daylighting yard; the one in a crack area is in a shape of hemicycle with single slope roof and stone-made high window; and the one by a lotus pond is composed of three roofs with the entrance protruding out beside the pond. In order to integrate into the surrounding environment,the design of all three toilets are developed from the local traditional architectural form, material,and construction method, but their respective characteristics and the designer's originality can still be seen. The completed toilets are so "high-key" that some villagers even tried to reform two of them into homestay for business running.

10 舞台公厕鸟瞰/Aerial view of Stage Toilet

11 公厕前方可休憩可表演的舞台/A stage for rest andperformances in front of toilet

The "publicity" of public toilet can be seen as the start of "managing" countryside. Through introduction of public space, we reformed the previously self-sufficient and closed villages into ones with public space that connects city and countryside. By opening to the outside world,the villages get a revival and the general rural revitalisation also gets an opportunity.□ (Translated by QIAN Fang)

12 东庄3处厕所总平面/Site plan of 3 Toilets in Dongzhuang Village

13 半圆公厕平面/Plan of Hemicycle Toilet

14 半圆公厕剖面/Section of Hemicycle Toilet

15 半圆公厕鸟瞰/Aerial view of Hemicycle Toilet

项目信息/Credits and Data

地点/Location: 山东省淄博市淄川区西河镇东庄村、洪山镇土峪村/Dongzhuang Village, Xihe Town, and Tuyu Village, Hongshan Town, Zichuan District, Zibo City,Shandong Province

主持建筑师/Principal Architect: 房木生/FANG Musheng

设计团队/Design Team: 吴云，苏亚玲，刘双，翟娜，蔡丽平，赵君龙/WU Yun, SU Yaling, LIU Shuang, ZHAI Na,CAI Liping

材料/Material: 砖，石，木，钢/Brick, stone, wood, steel场地面积/Site Area: 共7000m2/Total 7000m2

建筑面积/Floor Area: 共390m2/Total 390m2

设计时间/Design Period: 2016.04-2016.11

施工时间/Completion Period: 2016.06-2017.07

摄影/Photos: 房木生，周强/FANG Musheng, ZHOU Qiang

16 月亮门公厕平面/Plan of Moon Gate Toilet

17 月亮门公厕剖面/Section of Moon Gate Toilet

18 月亮门公厕立面/Façade of Moon Gate Toilet

19 月亮门公厕内景/Interior view of Moon Gate Toilet

20 荷塘公厕平面/Plan of Lotus Pond Toilet

21 荷塘公厕剖面/Section of Lotus Pond Toilet

22 荷塘公厕立面/Façade of Lotus Pond Toilet

评论

卢健松：5个乡村公厕在色彩及材料上一致性，使其成为一个系列；红砖在青砖或者青石中的穿插使用，使其具有独特的地域风情。每个公厕均以精确的几何形式回应了各自独特的场地特征，但也反映了设计师尊重地方文化，善用地方材料，巧用装饰手法的共同特征。5个案例在不同方向的探索，诠释了现代艺术介入当代乡村发展的可能途径。淄博土峪的石崖下公厕石墙上的彩绘，将材料拼接的偶然性与抽象人物的表现相结合，色彩选用上也略具地方意蕴，是富于启发性的尝试。淄博土峪的舞台公厕，公共卫生间与小舞台奇妙的集结在一起，私密性与公共性混搭，以一种轻松的方式诠释了乡村生活的非正规性。

Comments

LU Jiansong: For the consistency of colours and materials, the five rural public toilets become a series of productions. The mixed use of red bricks with gray bricks or stones makes them with distinct regional characteristics. Each public toilet responds to the site in a precise geometric form; it also show the common features of designer's respect for local culture, the use of local materials, and the decorative techniques. The different design method of five cases show how to make the modern art intervene into the development of contemporary villages. It is an enlightening attempt, by the paintings on the stone wall of the public toilet at the bottom of stone cliff in Zibo, to combine the contingency of sliced materials with the performance of abstract figures and to select colours rich of local meanings. For the public toilets behind a stage in Zibo, with a perfect assemble of the public toilets and the small stage, the privacy space and public space mixed up and matched together, and in an easy way interpreted the informality of rural life.

彭小松：该项目五个厕所的设计系列呈现出针对村落地形、地貌以及现实使用状况等层面的独特理解，从空间整体布局的合理性，到单体回应场地条件的有效性，该厕所系列都体现出较强的设计梳理能力与创新性。在具体设计手段和效果上，该系列通过对砖石材料的组合，形成了个性化的立面肌理，这体现出设计师较强的个人意志。不过，从乡村新建设与整体环境和谐统一的角度看，设计应进一步把握场所蕴涵的张力与潜质，需对建筑单体的造型和具体线脚、装饰把控的原则更为精炼。（肖靖 校）

PENG Xiaosong: The design series of five toilets present a unique understanding of the siting, morphology and actual use of the village.From the rationality of the overall spatial layout to the architectural design in effective response to the site, the series demonstrate a strong capacity of reconfiguration and innovation. In terms of specific design methods and outcomes, the series personalises façades with texture and combination of masonry materials, which both reflect the designer's strong personal will. However, considering harmony between new rural constructions and the overall environment, the design should further grasp tensions and potentials provided by the place. It is also necessary to refine building forms and the specific principles of footing and decoration. (Translated by HAN Li, proofread by XIAO Jing)