首发精神分裂症患者糖脂代谢异常分析
2019-01-14付莲花邹凤华余海根
付莲花 邹凤华 余海根
【摘要】 目的:觀察首发精神分裂症(SP)患者糖脂代谢异常情况。方法:选取2018年1月-2019年1月本院精神科收治的60例首发SP住院患者作为观察组,另选择同期56例体检健康者作为对照组。收集并记录两组性别、年龄、体质量指数(BMI)和腰臀比;比较两组空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、血清空腹C肽(FCP)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白AⅠ(ApoAⅠ)、载脂蛋白B100(ApoB100),胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、甲状腺素(T4)及皮质醇(COR)水平。结果:两组年龄与性别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组BMI与腰臀比均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);两组FPG比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组FINS、FCP和HOMA-IR均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);两组TC、TG、LDL-C、ApoB100比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组HDL-C与ApoAⅠ水平均低于对照组(P<0.05);两组FT4与T4比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组血清TSH低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组COR与FT3均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:首发SP患者未经药物治疗前已存在糖脂质代谢与甲状腺激素分泌异常,BMI、FINS、FCP与HOMA-IR均明显高于健康人群,HDL-C低于健康人,属于2型糖尿病和心血管疾病高危人群,可能与中枢神经递质代谢紊乱有关。后期治疗中对相关指标的持续关注和监测对SP患者并发症的预防具有积极意义。
【关键词】 首发精神分裂症 糖脂代谢异常 甲状腺激素
[Abstract] Objective: To observe abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with first-episode schizophrenia (SP). Method: From January 2018 to January 2019, 60 first-episode SP inpatients admitted to the psychiatric department of our hospital were selected as the observation group, in the same period, 56 healthy patients were selected as the control group. Gender, age, body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio were collected and recorded in both groups. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS), fasting serum C peptide (FCP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A Ⅰ (ApoAⅠ), apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), three free iodine thyroid former glycine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), thyroxine (T4) and cortisol (COR) were compared of two groups. Result: There were no significant differences in age and gender between the two groups (P>0.05). The BMI and waist-to-hip ratio of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the content of FPG between the two groups (P>0.05). FINS and FCP and HOMA-IR in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the TC, TG, LDL-C and ApoB100 between the two groups (P>0.05). HDL-C and ApoAI in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between FT4 and T4 between the two groups (P>0.05). TSH of the observation group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). COR and FT3 were higher in the observation group than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Before drug treatment, patients with first-episode SP had abnormal glucose, lipid metabolism and thyroid hormone secretion. BMI, FINS, FCP and HOMA-IR in first-episode SP patients are significantly higher than those in healthy people, and HDL-C is lower than those in healthy people. The patients with first-episode SP belonging to the high-risk group of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which may be related to the disorder of central nervous transmitter metabolism. Continuous attention and monitoring of relevant indicators in late treatment are of positive significance for the prevention of complications in SP patients.
[Key words] First-episode schizophrenia Abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism Thyroid hormone
First-authors address: The Third Peoples Hospital of Yichun City, Yichun 336000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2019.32.036
精神分裂症(SP)是一种严重危害患者社会生活和人身健康的重度精神疾病[1-2]。患者一般于青壮年时期发病,个体表现差异极大,由于病程迁延反复,治疗时间漫长,为患者及其亲属带来沉重的负担[3]。目前学界关于SP的发病机制尚无定论,但不良环境因素和个体易感素质对疾病的推动作用已成为共识[4]。有研究显示,由于长期服用齐拉西酮等抗精神病药物,SP患者2型糖尿病的发病率是正常人群的2~4倍,肥胖和脂质代谢异常发生率也显著高于正常水平[5-6]。但关于首发SP患者未采取药物治疗前糖脂代谢异常的情况研究内容较少,国内尚未见权威报道。本研究旨在观察SP患者糖脂代谢异常情况及激素水平,为后期SP患者的治疗和并发症预防提供借鉴。现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取2018年1月-2019年1月本院精神科收治的首发精神分裂症住院患者60例设为观察组。纳入标准:符合精神分裂症诊断标准[7];均为首次发病;未使用抗精神病药物;年龄18~45岁。排除标准:参与研究前1个月服用影响血糖血脂的药物;糖尿病、高血压及代谢障碍者;妊娠及哺乳期者;甲状腺功能异常。选择同期56例体检健康者作为对照组。纳入标准:体检各项指标正常;年龄18~45岁。排除标准:高血压、糖尿病、肥胖患者。所有患者家属及体检健康者均知情同意并签署知情同意书,本研究已经医院伦理委员会批准。
1.2 方法 收集并记录两组性别、年龄等人口学相关信息。测量两组身高、体重、腰围、臀围,计算体质量指数和腰臀比。检测并比较两组糖代谢、脂代谢及甲状腺激素水平。
1.3 观察指标与判定标准 (1)糖代谢指标。两组于住院当日清晨空腹采集静脉血4 mL,测定并比较两组空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)和血清空腹C肽(FCP)水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)[8]。FPG采用sysmex全自动生化分析仪进行生化检验。FINS、血清FCP采用放射免疫法测定。HOMA-IR采用稳态模型评估法计算。(2)脂代谢指标。两组于清晨空腹采集静脉血4 mL,采用全自動生化分析仪检测并比较两组总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白AⅠ(ApoAⅠ)、载脂蛋白B100(ApoB100)。(3)血清甲状腺激素。采用化学发光免疫分析法测定两组促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、甲状腺素(T4)、皮质醇(COR)水平。
1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 18.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,比较采用字2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组一般资料比较 两组年龄与性别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组体质量(BMI)与腰臀比均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 两组糖代谢指标比较 两组FPG比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组FINS、FCP和HOMA-IR均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 两组脂代谢指标比较 两组血清TC、TG、LDL-C、ApoB100水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组血清HDL-C与ApoAⅠ水平均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.4 两组血清甲状腺激素水平比较 两组血清FT4与T4比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组血清TSH低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组血清COR水平与FT3水平均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表4。
3 讨论
本研究中,观察组腰臀比高于对照组(P<0.05),说明SP患者治疗前腹部脂肪积累就已超出正常水平。腰臀比是中心性肥胖的参考指标之一,可作为衡量机体脂肪分布标准,腰臀比值越高的个体内脏脂肪和腹部脂肪堆积程度越高,中心性肥胖越严重[8-9]。有研究显示,内脏肥胖与胰岛素抵抗密切相关[10]。本研究结果显示,观察组FINS、FCP水平和HOMA-IR均高于对照组(P<0.05),说明首发SP患者未用药前已存在糖代谢异常,SP患者机体对胰岛素的敏感度降低,机体胰岛β细胞合成、分泌或后期修饰存在一定的障碍[11]。内脏肥胖患者脂联素分泌下降,而脂联素作为一种胰岛素超敏化激素,可降低肝脏糖原生成,增加血清HDL-C含量,降低LDL-C水平,调节机体糖类和脂质代谢水平[12-13]。HDL-C可以促进胆固醇的逆向转运,还具有抗氧化、降低炎症反应的作用,其血清水平与冠心病等心血管疾病发生风险呈负相关[14-15]。ApoAⅠ是HDL-C的主要结构蛋白,其水平变化可直接反映HDL-C的水平[16]。本研究中,观察组血清HDL-C与ApoAⅠ水平均低于对照组(P<0.05),提示SP患者心血管疾病风险显著高于正常人。基因组学研究也发现SP和心血管疾病危险因素的基因位点相同,从基因层面揭示了两者的紧密联系[17]。后期SP患者临床治疗中,应对心血管疾病影响因素重点关注,做好各项指标的监测工作,预防SP患者心血管疾病的发生。
有研究显示,SP造成的精神压力会导致下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能紊乱,患者交感髓质轴过度兴奋,COR分泌上升,进而引发患者血糖上升、体重增加,进一步加重内分泌紊乱[18]。本研究观察到,观察组血清TSH低于对照组(P<0.05),观察组血清FT3水平高于对照组(P<0.05),说明SP患者也存在甲状腺激素水平紊乱。甲状腺激素可加速机体新陈代谢,还能加快多巴胺等神经递质的代谢和合成速度,而相关研究证明,多巴胺递质的紊乱与SP的发生和发展有密切关联[19],多巴胺神经元在中枢神经系统有4条通路,抗精神病药物主要通过作用于中脑边缘和中脑皮層这两条多巴胺通路来达到治疗效果[20]。多巴胺系统异常也是SP病因假说中研究最为广泛的学说。
综上所述,首发SP患者未经药物治疗前已存在糖脂质代谢、甲状腺激素分泌异常,属于2型糖尿病和心血管疾病高危人群,可能与中枢神经递质代谢紊乱有关。后期治疗中对相关指标的持续关注和监测对SP患者并发症的预防具有积极意义。
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(收稿日期:2019-08-13) (本文编辑:田婧)