例谈高中英文诗歌写作教学
2018-09-04文利民
文利民
[摘 要]人教版英语教材M6 U2 阅读文本A Few Simple Forms of English Poems 介绍了 5种简单形式的英语诗歌的特点,并举例说明每一种诗歌的特征。教师在教学中可以以讨论的形式让学生归纳诗歌的写作目的,通过诗歌鉴赏分析英文简体诗的特点,教会学生英文简体诗的写作方法,并且让学生尝试创作英文简体诗。
[关键词]高中;英文诗歌;简体诗;教学
[中图分类号] G633.41 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-6058(2018)13-0035-02
诗歌是语言的精华。英文诗歌不仅语言凝练、韵律感强、意境优美,而且渗透了大量的英语语言文化内容和文化底蕴。诗歌学习对培养高中生的审美能力、观察力和想象力有重要作用。《普通高中英语课程标准》在语言知识八级目标描述中指出,高中生应能初步了解英语诗歌的节奏和韵律。人教版英语教材M6 U2中的 A Few Simple Forms of English Poems 是一篇介绍性说明文,文章介绍了5种简单形式的英语诗歌的特点,并举例说明每一种诗歌的特征。本课的目的在于让学生通过阅读文本了解英文简体诗的基本特征和写作手法,学会欣赏英文简体诗,并自己尝试写简单的诗歌。
一、以讨论的形式让学生归纳诗歌的写作目的
笔者在Warming up部分,先提问学生:Do you remember any poems you have read in high school, either in Chinese or in English? Can you recite any?然后让学生讨论:Why do people write poems?根据学生的讨论,归纳出诗歌的写作目的: to tell a story; to recall an experience; to play with words; to let others think;to express feelings, such as love, homesick, delight, sorrow, patriotism, love of nature, friendship, etc.
二、通过诗歌鉴赏分析英文简体诗的特点
在阅读文本的学习中,先让学生通过skimming 快速阅读并找出文中介绍的5种简体英文诗的形式:nursery rhymes、list poem、cinquain、haiku、Tang poems。然后让学生阅读A—H八首诗歌,了解诗歌的内容和主题,感受诗歌的韵律和节奏,分析五种英文简体诗的特点。
Nursery rhymes:The language is concrete and imaginative. They rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition. They are easy to learn and recite.
List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases. Some rhyme while others not.
Cinquain, a poem made up of five lines, can convey a strong picture in just a few words.
Haiku is made up of 17 syllables, which can give a clear picture and create a special feeling using the minimum of words.
Tang poem is a translation of Chinese poetry.
三、介绍英文简体诗的写作方法
在学生了解英文简体诗的特点后,给学生介绍英文简体诗的写作方法。
nursery rhymes(童谣)是读者对象为儿童的短诗,强调节奏和押韵,形式简短,通俗易懂,内容取材贴近儿童生活和自然,想象丰富,语言活泼,朗朗上口。教学时可列举学生熟悉的童谣,如:
Twinkle, twinkle, little star
How I wonder what you are
Up above the world so high
Like a diamond in the sky
Twinkle, twinkle, little star
How I wonder what you are
When the blazing sun is gone
When he nothing shines upon
Then you show your little light
Twinkle, twinkle, all the night
list poems (清單诗)是一种很简单的诗歌,其主题很随意,通常是列举一系列事物。这类诗的行数没有具体的限制,作者可以按照自己的喜好来决定诗歌的长短,可以重复一些短语,较为灵活,形成固定句型和诗的节奏。它可以押韵也可以不押韵,但是不等于记流水账;它要求具有一定的逻辑性、可读性和趣味性,并且要注意语言的简洁性、语义的条理性和连贯性。
cinquain(五行诗)的写法:五行诗总共五行,每一行要求有不同的词数,而且词性也不同。
Line 1: a noun which names the topic of the poem
Line 2: two adjectives describing the topic
Line 3: three verbs ending with –ing that describe the topics action
Line 4: four words that give the writers opinion or feelings about the topic
Line 5: a word that gives another name for the topic
如:
Spiders
Bold, silent
Jumping, hunting, spinning
Amazing predators with style
Spiders
haiku(俳句),英语俳句,源于日本的俳句, 是日本的一种古典短诗,由“五—七—五”共十七字音组成;以三句十七音为一首,首句五音节,次句七音节,末句五音节,不要求押韵,但是受“季语”的限制。俳句中必定要有一个季语。所谓季语,是指用以表示春、夏、秋、冬及新年的季节用语。在季语中除“夏季的驟雨”“雪”等表现气候的用语外,还有“樱花”“蝉”等动物、植物名称。另外,如“压岁钱”“阳春面”这样的风俗习惯用语也多有应用。这些“季语”通常带着现代日本人民对于幼年时代或故乡的一种怀念眷恋之情。haiku不属于传统的英文诗,但这种诗歌形式在用英语写作的人们中间非常流行,haiku能用最少的词语向读者呈现出一幅清晰的画面,表达特殊的情感。如:
A fallen blossom 5个音节
is coming back to the branch 7个音节
Look, a butterfly!5个音节
Tang poems(唐诗)是我国文学的一朵奇葩,在世界文学史上的地位也很高。唐诗作为一种独特的文学体裁,是按照一定的格律来写作的,主要分为律诗和绝句两种。说英语的人喜欢唐诗,许多唐诗已经被翻译成了英文。译文将原诗的形式与内涵用英文忠实地再现,体现原诗的“意美”,或者说“诗境”,使读诗的异国读者能够尽可能从译作中获得共鸣、震惊和美的感受。如:
Night Thoughts (静夜思)
In front of my bed the moonlight is very bright.
I wonder if that can be frost on the floor?
I list up my head and look at the full moon, the dazzling moon.
I drop my head, and think of the home of old days.
(Tr. Amy Lowell)
四、让学生动笔写英文简体诗
学生了解了英文简体诗的写作特点和写作方法之后,要亲自动笔写诗,都很兴奋。大多数学生选择五行诗,都能用正确的形式写出英文简体诗。以下是学生诗作摘选。
1.俳句
A cherry blossom
is falling to the field
Listen, the winds voice.
2.五行诗
(1)Your eyes
Clear, colorful
Sparkling, charming, shining
Like diamond, like zircon
Fabulous
(2)English
Difficult, easy
Listening, reading, writing
Both pain and happiness
Great
(3)Movie
Funny, boring
Crying, laughing, thinking
Dream and reality, too
Great
(4)War
Rude, crazy
Bleeding, killing, dying
Winners, losers and killers
Struggling
3. 清单诗
(1)I have a magic cat
It can fly in the air
It can dig
It can grow up like a man
It can help me with home work
It can take a train
It can cosplay all kinds of cartoon animals
It can discover new chemical elements
It can operate my computer
(2)A flower withers
Another sprouts
Everything goes like that
One comes and another goes
Hard to keep, hard to predict
(责任编辑 周侯辰)