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高考英语阅读理解词义猜测题六种应对策略

2018-02-24高佳佳

新课程(中学) 2018年8期
关键词:指代代词生词

高佳佳

(合肥市第八中学,安徽 合肥)

在高中英语学习中,语篇阅读是主阵地和主战场。通过课内外英文阅读,学生既能获取信息,丰富知识,扩大词汇,又可拓宽视野,陶冶情操,了解中西方文化差异,培养跨文化交际意识。然而,在多年的一线教学实践中,笔者发现不少学生由于畏惧陌生词汇而对英文阅读,尤其是课外阅读望而却步。这便形成了一种恶性循环,即词汇量越小的学生越不喜欢阅读,越不喜欢阅读的学生词汇量越难以扩大,阅读能力也越难以提升。因此,在高中英语阅读教学中,引导学生去学习和掌握一定的词义猜测策略显得尤为重要。

高中英语新课程标准提出了核心素养这一理念,核心素养包括语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力。其中,学习能力指学生积极运用英语学习策略,借助多种英语学习渠道和资源,提升英语学习效率的意识和能力。因此,在高中英语课堂中,广大英语教师有必要培养学生分析、总结和运用一定的英语学习策略的学习能力,从而使学生的英语学习效率最大化。

词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解的必考题型之一,该题型一般考查学生对生词、短语、熟词生义的猜测、代词的指代以及句子的理解。词义猜测题通常设题精巧,虽有难度,但可根据语境,即上下文,进行分析推理,从而判断生词、短语或句子的意思。针对这些特点,笔者总结出以下几种较为常见的应对策略。

一、根据指代关系猜测词义

文章中的 it,that,he,itself,these,those,they,them 等人称或指示代词常用来指代上文提到过的人或物,其中it,this和that还可以指代上下文提及的某件事或某种情况。有时代词与其指代的对象相隔较远,需要仔细寻读定位,有时则需对上下文所提及的内容进行总结概括,方可找出指代对象。例:(14年新课标卷)

To prevent language loss,scholars from a number of organizations have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultur-es they reflect.Mark Turin,a scientist at Yale University,who specializes in the languages of the Himalayas,is following in that tradition.

His recently published book grows out of his experience living,looking and raising a family in a village in Nepal.

The underlined words“that tradition”refer to______.

A.having first records of the languages

B.writing books on language searching

C.telling stories about language users

D.connecting with the native speakers

指示代词that常用来指代上文出现过的人、物或某种情况。本段第二句意为“马克·都灵,耶鲁大学的一名专门研究喜马拉雅地区语言的科学家,一直在遵循这一传统,”“that tradition”指代的内容在第一句,即“为了防止语言流失,来自许多组织的学者多年来一直在记录濒临消失的语言以及他们所折射的文化。”故本题选A。

二、根据并列关系猜测词义

当被考查的词或短语所在句有and,or,not only...but also...,as well as,both...and...,neither...nor...等并列连词时,其连接的两项内容在意义上是一致或接近的,由此可推出该生词或短语的意思。

例:(2014年新课标卷)My husband rushed there to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents.Their young daughter had accidentally found a pile of unfamiliar papers.Her parents had carefully sorted them out and noticed a half-written letter with my husband’s new phone number in it.That family not only returned the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.

The underlined word“restored”in the last paragraph can be replaced by_______.

A.showed B.sent out C.delivered D.gave back

文章大意:在一户善良的陌生人家的帮助下,作者丈夫的重要文件失而复得,作者夫妇非常感动。最后一句中有并列连词not only...but also,由此可推“restored”与 not only 后的动词“returned”意义接近,句意为:“那一天,那家人不仅把重要的文件归还了我们,还让我们重拾了对人性的信任。”故本题选D。

三、根据定义或解释猜测词义

当生词或短语后有定义,同位语,定语从句等修饰时,可以根据该定义或解释来判断该词或短语的意义。

例:(13年全国卷)The CRF’s produce is“green”made within the country and divided into 10 lines,with the Alcohol Series being the most popular.And for chocolate snobs,who think they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others,the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo,Cuba,Venezuela,and Ghana.

The words“chocolate snobs”in Para 3 probably refer to those who______.

A.are particular about chocolate

B.know little about cocoa beans

C.look down upon others

D.like to try new flavors

本文主要介绍了一家巧克力公司的情况。划线词“chocolate snobs”后有非限制性定语从句修饰,意为“自认为比他人更懂巧克力的人”,故最佳选项是A,即“对巧克力挑剔,讲究的人”。

四、利用构词法猜测词义

在阅读中,可利用前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词法知识猜出一些单词或短语的含义。例如,un-,in-,im-,dis-等前缀都带有否定意义。

例:(2017新课标Ⅲ)Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area,but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s,wolves had practically disappeared from that area.They went farther north into the forests of Canada,where there were fewer humans.

Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word“displaced”?

A.tested B.separated C.forced out D.tracked down.

由本段最后两句可知,人类的发展侵占了灰狼的领地,灰狼向北迁徙;place作动词有“安置,安放”的意思,dis-是否定前缀,据此可推出“displaced”意为“被挤出,被迫离开家园”,故本题选C。

五、利用因果关系猜测词义

当文章中出现 so,for,because,therefore,thus,as a result,consequently,due to,on account of等表示原因或结果的词时,上下文为因果关系,可以由原因推出结果,也可由结果推测原因,故可以根据因果关系推出生词或短语在语境中的意义。

例:(2009年全国卷)If your child is unwilling to discuss something,don’t insist he tell you what’s on his mind.Because the more you insist,the more likely he’ll clam up.Instead,let him attempt to solve things by himself.Meanwhile,remind him you’re always there for him should he seek advice or help.

What does the phrase“clam up”probably mean?

A.become excited

B.show respect

C.refuse to talk

D.seek help

本段大意:父母在和子女交流的时候要尊重子女的隐私,不能勉强。本段首句意为:“如果你的孩子不愿意谈论某事,不要勉强孩子告诉你其心事。”画线短语所在句子解释了上文“不要勉强孩子”的原因,故句意为“因为你越是勉强,孩子越可能守口如瓶。”由此可以判断“clam up”意为“守口如瓶,拒绝开口”,故选C。

六、利用转折关系猜测词义

当文中出现 but,however,yet,while,nevertheless,on the contrary等连接词时,上下文构成转折关系,可据此推断生词或短语的意义。

例:Before birth,babies can tell loud sounds from voices.They can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教),birds could“rule the roost”.As recently reported,some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化).New-born chicks can imitate their mom’s call a few days after entering the world.

The underlined phrase in Para 1 means“_____”.

A.be the worst B.be the best

C.be the as bad D.be just as good

根据but可知本句和上文是转折关系,虽然婴儿能分辨母亲的声音,但在胎教方面,“鸟类可以统治世界”,即鸟类是最好的胎教者,故本题选B。

陌生词汇是学生英语阅读之旅的拦路虎,而且防不胜防,所以掌握有效的词义猜测策略既可以帮助学生在平时的英语学习中克服畏难情绪,获得良好的学习体验和自信心,也可以让考生在重大考试中保持沉着冷静的心态,做到以不变应万变。本文总结了几种常见的词义猜测题的应对策略,考生可结合例题仔细揣摩体会并加以内化,再将这些策略应用到英语学习实践中去。笔者相信广大学子只有不忘初心,持之以恒,方可克服困难,提高英语阅读水平,提升英语学习效率,在英语学习中取得成功,从而坚定面对更大人生挑战的勇气和信念。

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