温州鼓词艺惊巴黎
2018-02-05庄颖昶
庄颖昶
在法国演出荣获巴黎中国曲艺节卢浮奖,鼓词音视频产品远播荷兰、意大利、西班牙、美国、法国、加拿大等国,深受华侨们的喜爱。
2017年10月24日,在巴黎中国曲艺节十周年纪念展演首场演出,来自浙江省瑞安市曲艺家协会的陈春兰一身旗袍,用瑞安方言惟妙惟肖地表演了温州鼓词《杀庙》,获得了观众热烈的掌声,法国人都竖起大拇指“OK”,她的表演节目获巴黎中国曲艺节卢浮铜奖。
温州鼓词《杀庙》,讲述的是负心汉陈世美派人刺杀妻子秦香莲的故事,是专门以陈春兰擅长抒情、内敛稳重的表演特点进行改编的,之前曾获中国曲艺最高奖——第九届中国曲艺牡丹奖表演奖。
陈春兰告诉记者,这次的法国活动共10天,她在法国多个城市作了表演,温州鼓词和中国其他曲艺一道用传统的方式演绎在中国家喻户晓的人文故事,在当地深受欢迎。
温州鼓词登上国际舞台
早在2010年5月30日,陈春兰已经参加过法国巴黎的中国曲艺节活动,当时,她现场演绎的温州鼓词《锦绣中华美如春》,以独特的动听旋律和优美的琴鼓之声响彻会场,赢得巴黎市民和华侨2000多位观众的阵阵掌声,也获卢浮节目奖。
同样,在2010年9月28日的下午,上海世博会法国馆里,中外游客欣赏温州鼓词后,都竖起了大拇指,他们佩服一个演员能够演这么多角色,这正是温州鼓词青年艺人孙建丹、陈怡丹带来的表演。牛筋琴、扁鼓、三粒板、小抱月组成的悠扬动听温州鼓词,散发出诱人的魅力……。
能使全球温州人都能听到温州鼓词的,有赖于现代音像产品的产生和网络的普及。
瑞安人张瑞星是温州鼓词艺人出身,1983年就开始创办音像公司,专业把温州鼓词录制成磁带、VCD、DVD、MP3等音频和视频音像产品,推动了温州鼓词的传播,目前已录制4000小时、200多本温州鼓词曲目,以满足全球温州人对温州鼓词的需求。他说,温州鼓词音像产品远销荷兰、意大利、西班牙、美国、法国、加拿大等,深受温州华侨们的喜爱。仅在意大利专门经销音像制品的一位温州丽岙华侨,一年就要1000套(个)以上温州鼓词音频和视频音像产品。
《温州年鉴》记载,温州市有海外华侨华人、港澳同胞43万,分布在世界131个国家和地区。海外温籍侨团有247个。
瑞安人、欧洲侨爱基金会主席、荷兰华人总会副会长杨秀容曾在接受记者采访时说:“在外的华人华侨中,一些年长的还是十分喜爱温州鼓词的,我先生就是典型的一位,他从网络电视上下载来观看。从前,也是从国内带很多词片(温州鼓词磁带)出来,我女儿还为他买了很多鼓词的用品。温州人比较喜欢徐玉燕和陈春兰的词片(温州鼓词磁带)。”
瑞安市曲艺家协会主席黄良福说,网络的普及使得温州鼓词更能飞洋过海,深入到海外的温州人家庭,唱瑞安方言的温州鼓词依旧是温州侨人中最爱听的乡音,也成为海外温州人怀乡恋土的特有情结和休闲娱乐的特有方式。
富有人文底蕴的温州鼓词
温州鼓词,发源于浙江省温州瑞安,并用瑞安方言表演,已有千百年历史,现属国家级非物质文化遗产项目,是流行于温州及其周边地区的特有地方曲艺,当地俗称为“唱词”。而鼓词艺人,不论男女都被称为“唱词先生”。其伴奏所用的牛筋琴是一种全球独有的乐器。
相传,早在南宋就出现了温州鼓词。南宋时期,随着宋代政治、经济、文化中心的南移,曲艺也随之南下,经当地艺人和民间小调结合和演绎,产生了鼓词。曾在瑞安做过主簿的诗人陆游,赋诗“夕阳古柳赵家庄,负鼓盲翁正作场,身后是非谁管得,满村听说蔡中郎”,生动描绘了在瑞安农村里,打着小鼓的盲人在演唱鼓词的盛况。
清代瑞安人赵钧(1786—1866)就更明确记载了温州鼓词的盛况时期,在其《过来语》中有云:“嘉庆、道光年间,有白门松最善唱词,到处皆悬灯结彩,倾动一时……”
温州鼓词演唱时所使用的主要乐器,有牛筋琴、扁鼓、三粒板、小抱月等。表演上的最大特色,就是一个人能敲奏三至四件乐器,要兼扮各种角色,塑造多种不同性格和神态,更会模仿各种声音,以渲染故事情节和气氛。一个人表演生活场景,一个人演绎各类角色,这是对鼓词艺人的生动写照。不过随着表演的需要,现在也出现了双档、多档演唱形式。
温州鼓词有唱有说,以唱为主。它的唱腔、曲调,带有浓郁的南国民歌风味,鼓词的基本曲调有慢板、流水、紧板等几十种板式。唱韵很讲究押韵自然、音节和谐,保留了民间说唱音乐的特色。题材大都取材于民间传说和历史小说,大多数跟中国戏剧内容相结合。
温州鼓词在演唱方式上可以分为两种:
一种叫“平词”,凡逢喜事、祝寿、孩子满月,或款待客人等,一般只唱一场或一天。
另外一种叫“大词”,也称“娘娘詞”,是清代鼓词艺人将陈靖姑为民除害收妖灭怪事迹改编成鼓词《陈十四娘娘》(又称《南游传》或《陈十四收妖》),属于温州鼓词专有的曲目,过去大都在供奉陈十四娘娘女神的太阴宫中演唱。清嘉庆《瑞安县志》记载着的太阴宫有10处,“俱祀陈十四夫人。”而后来的《瑞安县志稿》记载,达200多处太阴宫,是专为祈奉陈靖姑(陈十四娘娘)的。唱大词时,擂大鼓、敲大锣,曲调高亢、粗犷,比较原始。根据故事情节,可以日夜连唱一周以上。现代的“大词”还有《杨府传》《封神榜》等。
有研究人员认为,温州鼓词用瑞安方言演唱,是因为瑞安方言保留着唐代以前的汉语语法和称呼,韵部数目较少,喷口重,快捷温柔,适于押韵,便于背诵和记忆。
鼓词名艺人阮世池
今年89岁退休在家的阮世池,偶尔会在家边的湖滨公园演唱上一段温州鼓词,他以丰富的肢体语言,惟妙惟肖的“阮派”腔调,给“粉丝”们解解“馋”,带来美妙的享受。endprint
阮世池是溫州鼓词“阮派”艺术创始人,被人尊称为阿池先生。12岁拜师学艺,13岁登台演唱,17岁艺术成名,当年以温州鼓词《十二红》《五凤图》等曲目名噪浙南。阮世池演唱的特色是:语言通俗易懂,吐字清晰,表情传神,唱腔婉约柔和,感情细腻,以刻画大家闺秀、小家碧玉和农妇村姑见长,形成了“阮派”唱腔之纤细华美的独特风格。
当年,温州城内有18家鼓词馆,几乎每家的鼓词馆都与他预签了演出合同。阮世池在哪家鼓词馆唱词,哪家鼓词馆就会人山人海,座位常常不够,鼓词馆老板只好临时添加木凳、竹椅,满足“词迷”们的要求。
特别是铁杆“粉丝”们,阿池先生到哪个鼓词馆唱,“粉丝”们就跟到哪里。当年听他唱《十二红》的铁杆“粉丝”就有40多位。那时,阮世池以演唱女性主角的故事为主,有温州鼓词的“梅兰芳”之称。若看到城里鼓词馆和农村戏台的木牌上写的是“瑞安词师阿池先生演唱”,就纷纷相告给亲朋好友,邀请来听阿池先生唱词,“词迷”们则早早去抢好的座位。
1958年“全国首届曲艺会演”在北京举行,阮世池演唱的温州鼓词《不靠天》荣获优秀演出奖,受到周恩来、董必武等中央领导人的接见,并作为青年演员代表登上全国曲艺代表大会主席台。如今,阮世池以温州鼓词代表性传承人入选国家级非物质文化遗产代表性传承人,并获中国曲艺牡丹奖“终身成就曲艺艺术家”荣誉称号。
久负盛名的陈春兰目前正在和先生黄良福不断研究鼓词,一起琢磨练习;在瑞安市职业中专教育集团学校的鼓词特色班,她手把手教学生唱鼓词,让温州鼓词更好地传承。
鼓词唱词艺人以柔软缠绵的瑞安方言唱腔,演绎着令人着迷的温州鼓词,在当地已沉淀为一幅千百年依旧的风情画卷。而新近,瑞安被中国曲艺家协会授予“中国曲艺之乡”称号,更为这片温州鼓词的孕育之地掀开了新的篇章,相信温州鼓词定能唱响全球。
(本文照片由作者提供)
Wenzhou Ballads in Paris
By Zhuang Yingchang
is a musical performance art form popular in Ruian, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province. A performance by Wenzhou artists won the Louvre Bronze Award in France in 2017. The ancient art has come back to life among the Chinese communities in Holland, Italy, Spain, the US, France and Canada.
The performance by Chen Chunlan, representing the Ruian Folk Arts Association in Wenzhou, opened the eyes of everyone in the Parisian audience on the night of October 24, 2017. During the 10-day ‘Chinese Folk Arts Festival, Chen Chunlan toured a dozen cities in France, bringing the magnificent folk culture of Wenzhou into the art Mecca of Europe. Chens adaptation is titled ‘Shamiao, telling the story of Chen Shimei (a Chinese opera character and a byword in China for a heartless and unfaithful man) and his wife Qin Xianglian, and had won a major award from the 9th Chinese Folk Arts ‘Peony Award back home.
This was not the artists debut in Paris, however. The art, with unique, powerful melody and the magic of traditional Wenzhou instruments, was first brought to Paris by Chen Chunlan in 2010. Chens team was also seen performing at the France Pavilion at the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. Thanks to the power of social media and modern audio-video technologies, is reaching all Wenzhou communities in the world.
A artist himself, Ruian native Zhang Ruixing is a leading figure behind the global promotion of this folk musical tradition. He has been running a recording and video company since 1983, making all kinds of audio-video products to meet the needs of overseas Wenzhounese. Statistics indicate that about 430,000 Wenzhou natives are living in 131 countries and regions.endprint
“My husband is a huge fan of Wenzhou . Having spent most of his life in Holland, he has gotten more and more homesick with age. He used to go out of his way to collect tapes and download programs performed by famous artists such as Xu Yuyan and Chen Chunlan, and my daughter bought him a lot of musical instruments. For my husband and many others living abroad, the melody is ‘the sound of home and brings immense solace,” shared Yang Xiurong, who is from Ruian and living in Holland.
Wenzhou originated from Ruian. Featuring the use of Ruian local dialect, it has a history of more than 1,000 years dating back to the Southern Song (1127-1279) of China. Such a long history has also laid a solid foundation for its development. One of the instruments used for accompaniment is called ‘niujinqin, a handmade “ox tendon” zither-like musical instrument, is the worlds only one of its kind. The heyday of the folk art was mentioned by Song poet Lu You in one of his poems, and described vividly in a book by Zhao Jun (1786-1866), a native of Ruian.
The stage presentation of Wenzhou features the use of 3-4 instruments and each performer playing multiple roles and mimicking all kinds of sounds. Usually performed solo, can also take the forms of a duet or a trio, depending on the scenario. Taking the form of ‘pingci (an one-off session) and ‘daci (usually a week-long, non-stop performance), the vocal music has a strong ‘story-telling flavor, with most of the stories adapted from folklores and historical novels.
Ruan Shichi, 89-year-old, is the founder of the ‘Ruan school of Wenzhou . His stage debut came when he was only 13. By the age of 17, he had built a reputation as a master. In the old days, fans in Wenzhou were served by 18 theaters, where Ruan Shichi was the most popular performer and a box office guarantee. In his younger years, the man was acclaimed as “ Mei Lanfang”. In 1958, Ruan Shichis performance titled ‘ (God helps those who help themselves) in Beijing caught the eye of Zhou Enlai and Dong Biwu, two top national leaders. At the Ruian Technical Secondary School, master Chen Chunlan is passing the relay baton into the hands of the younger generations.endprint