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水果摄入与骨骼健康

2018-01-31朱瑞欣范志红林金雪娇

中国食物与营养 2018年1期
关键词:髋骨胡萝卜素摄入量

朱瑞欣,范志红,林金雪娇

(中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083)

钙和维生素D对促进骨骼健康有重要作用[1-5],但水果中所含的钾、类胡萝卜素、多酚类化合物等也可能对维持骨骼健康具有意义。本文概述了近年来水果摄入与骨骼健康的相关证据以及水果中影响骨骼健康的营养物质,讨论了水果对骨骼健康的可能作用机制。

1 水果摄入与骨骼健康的研究证据

1.1 水果摄入与老年骨骼健康的关系

较早的相关流行病学研究往往将水果和蔬菜的作用混合在一起。Tucker等[6]发现,果蔬摄入量与老年受访者股骨颈、股骨大转子、Ward区域和桡骨4个部位BMD的4年变化间呈现极显著相关性。Melaku等[7]对1 182名50岁以上的男女性分析后发现,与西方饮食模式相反,富含果蔬的健康膳食模式与BMD呈正相关关系,其中水果摄入量前1/3者,低BMD的风险比后1/3者低48%。Chen等[8]在1999—2001年间对我国绝经女性的横断面研究也发现,果蔬摄入量与全身、腰椎和臀部的骨密度之间均呈显著且独立的正相关关系。此外,在2000—2006年间还有一些小规模的横断面研究[9-10]得出了类似的结论。

近年来很多研究将水果与蔬菜区分开来,发现水果对骨骼的保护作用优于蔬菜。一项横断面研究于2001—2003年间调查了65岁以上香港老年人发现,其全身和股骨颈的BMD和骨矿物质含量(BMC)均与水果摄入量呈显著正相关关系,且当每日摄入100g/kcal的水果时,男性和女性的全身BMD分别增加4.5%和6.4%,股骨颈骨BMD分别增加4.5%和6.4%,但未发现BMD与蔬菜摄入的相关性[11]。在我国安徽对中老年男女研究发现,水果摄入量越多,全身BMD越高[12],未发现蔬菜有此作用。Xie等[13]在2008—2012年间对646名老年髋骨骨折病人研究后发现,水果对老年男性骨骼的保护作用显著,同时发现深色水果的作用强于浅色水果。

1.2 生命周期中水果摄入对骨骼健康的影响

青春期阶段骨峰值若能达到较高水平,则中老年时期发生骨质疏松的危险降低[14-15]。有研究者对110名和112名年龄为11~14岁的中国男孩和女孩、371名年龄在20~34岁间产后2w内的中国年轻女性和333名年龄在50~70岁之间的中国绝经女性进行了测试,发现4类人群中水果的摄入与BMD和BMC均呈极显著正相关性,且在男孩和绝经女性中的作用更明显,水果的作用强于蔬菜[12],这说明水果摄入在整个生命周期中均对骨骼具有正面作用。针对我国的相关调查也发现,在年轻男女中,水果摄入量与全身BMD呈显著的正相关关系[13]。早在1997年就有研究提到,在刚成年时(20~30岁)摄入水果频次较低(1~4次每天/每周至多2d)的中老年女性的腰椎和转子BMD极显著地低于较中等水果摄入频次(1~4次每天/每周超过 3~4d)和高摄入频次(1~4次每天/每周至少5d)的老年女性(P<0.01)[16]。2006年的一项横断面研究调查了16~18岁青春期男生125名和女生132名,发现受试者脊椎的BMC与水果摄入量之间均呈显著正相关关系[10]。Hooven等[17]对澳大利亚1 024名青少年男女在14岁和17岁时分别进行食物摄入频次调查,并在其20岁时测量BMD和BMC,发现仅在14岁时遵从富含水果、蔬菜、乳制品饮食的青少年中,其膳食质量Z评分与在20岁时BMD和BMC呈显著的正相关系。这说明,青春期摄入水果的膳食习惯可能对一生中的骨骼健康都具有重要的保护意义。

1.3 水果与骨骼关系的量效分析

WHO规定1份水果的量为80g[18],目前各国膳食指南和研究建议每日水果的摄入量均在2~4份[19-22],具体推荐量略有出入[23],主要是由于部分膳食指南和研究排除了淀粉类水果[24]。一些荟萃分析证明,这个水果摄入推荐量是降低全因死亡率[25-26]、2型糖尿病[27]、癌症[26,28]等疾病发生危险的最佳剂量,但未涉及骨健康方面的考虑。Byberg等[23]分别对40 644名和34 947名45~83岁的瑞典中老年男女进行了14.5年的随访,发现不摄入水果者患髋骨骨折的风险较每日摄入3份(1份包含水果121g)者高出39%。此后在欧美老年人中进行的研究发现,若将推荐摄入量的范围降至1~3份(1份包含水果80g),与基本不摄入水果者相比,在髋骨骨折风险上的差异便不再显著[29]。同时,髋骨骨折风险只在一定范围内随水果摄入量增加而降低,日摄入量超过5份后便失去量效关系[23,29]。

2 水果中可能有益骨骼健康的营养物质

2.1 矿物质

摄入过多蛋白质而钾元素摄入不足的状况可能会导致身体的酸负荷过高[30-31],从而增加尿钙排出量,不利于骨矿物质的维持[32]。水果和蔬菜中富含的钾和镁可以作为碱性缓冲剂降低净内源性酸(NEAP)的产生[33-34],从而有效抑制了骨矿物质的溶解。有研究用每日9份以上的水果和蔬菜(1份包含50~80g水果和50~80g蔬菜)对21名日常每日食用小于5份水果蔬菜的中老年女性进行8w的膳食干预,结果发现,与基线相比NEAP显著降低,其尿液pH平均增长0.68个单位[35]。

关于膳食中钾的作用,2015年一项前瞻性流行病学研究对EPIC-Norfolk队列中的25 639名40~79岁两性受访者进行了13.4年的随访,结果发现,膳食中钾和镁总摄入量(P=0.03)或钾摄入量(P=0.04)与女性跟骨的宽带超声衰减呈显著的正线性相关。在男性中,与最低钾摄入量组(2 505±344 mg/d)相比,最高摄入量组(4 697±603 mg/d)患髋骨、脊椎、腕骨骨折的低23.4%;最高镁摄入量组(466±73mg/d)患骨折的百分比较最低摄入量组(218±31mg/d)的低18.1%。在女性中以上两个百分比分别为32.1%和35.9%[36]。

然而,补充氯化钾等钾制剂并不能替代水果蔬菜来源的钾起到健骨作用。一项2006年发表的研究对161名骨量降低的绝经女性进行了双盲对照实验,令其口服12个月的柠檬酸钾(含钾1 200mg)或同样含钾量的氯化钾。摄入柠檬酸钾使尿钙排出量下降,尿液趋向碱性化。同时,腰椎、股骨颈、髋骨整体等身体多部位的BMD上升,骨重吸收指标显著下降,而氯化钾组则呈现相反趋势[37]。研究还发现,BMD的变化与尿钙排出量之间呈显著负相关,尿液的净酸排泄量与BMD变化也呈负相关关系[38]。这个研究有力地说明,摄入柠檬酸钾是通过部分中和西式膳食中的酸负荷,调控尿钙排出量和部分中和代谢中的酸性物质来改善骨代谢状况,而不是仅仅通过提供钾元素。

此后,Jehle等[38]在201位65岁以上的健康老年男女性中开展的一项长达24个月的双盲随机对照实验发现,与服安慰剂相比,每日服用60mEq的柠檬酸钾片剂能够使L2-L4腰椎的BMD显著增加1.7%(95%CI,1.0~2.3,P<0.001),使全身的BMD显著增加1.3%(95%CI,0.8~1.7,P< 0.001),同时血清中的骨胶原I型氨基末端肽(P1NP)浓度显著增加(13.8%±28.5%)。蔬菜中也含有丰富的钾和镁,但多数蔬菜食用时需要加入盐作为调味品,而摄入过多的盐不仅会增加高血压、中风等心脑血管疾病的风险[39-40],还会增加尿钙的排泄量[41],这对骨骼健康十分不利。而水果可直接食用,食用水果不会增加钠的额外摄入。这或许是很多研究未发现蔬菜总摄入量对骨骼健康的促进作用的原因。

2.2 维生素和有机酸

水果是膳食中维生素C的重要来源[42]。在人群研究当中,维生素C对骨骼健康的促进作用在老年中表现较为一致[8,11],在青少年研究中的效果则略有差异。Prynne等[10]发现,在青春期男女学生中,膳食维生素C的摄入量与脊柱BMC呈显著的正相关关系,而Laudermilk等[43]对美国363名小学四年级和六年级的女孩进行了横断面研究,发现膳食中维生素C摄入量仅与小学四年级的女孩骨几何结构、尺寸和强度呈显著的正相关关系,而与小学六年级的女孩未见相关性。

维生素C通过调节细胞增殖和凋亡,从而诱导成软骨细胞的分化,促进成骨细胞形成骨胶原并进行细胞分化和增殖[44],增加骨形成,减少骨吸收,从而预防骨质疏松。绿叶蔬菜中的维生素K为骨骼的钙化作用所必需,但水果并不是维生素K的重要来源,其重要性不及绿叶蔬菜。但水果中的维生素C和有机酸有益于多种矿物质的吸收利用[45],对于胃酸不足的中老年人来说,水果对膳食钙的利用也可能有好的影响。

2.3 多酚类化合物

水果是类黄酮、酚酸、芪类等多酚物质的重要来源。2014年一项横断面研究发现在女性中较高的类黄酮摄入量与较高的全身BMD和高股骨颈BMD有显著的正相关关系[46]。柑橘中除富含维生素C外,也含有较多类黄酮如橘皮苷。Deyhim等[47]用柑橘汁饲喂衰老的雄性大鼠,证实柑橘汁有改善骨骼代谢的作用。Habauzit[48]进行了长达2年的平行双盲随机对照干预实验,将招募来的50~60岁绝经女性分为2组,一组每日食用含500mg橘皮苷的饼干,另一组食用安慰剂,发现实验组的骨转化指数显著低于对照组,表明橘皮苷能够改善骨骼代谢。

多酚对骨骼的健康作用表现为其能清除活性氧(ROS),下调骨组织中的炎症介质,这些炎症介质包括破骨细胞的分化和被成骨细胞产生的骨保护素(OPG)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、核因子κ-B受体活化因子配体(RANKL)等信号蛋白[49]。

2.4 类胡萝卜素

膳食中的类胡萝卜素主要来自于水果和新鲜蔬菜[50],水果中常见的类胡萝卜素主要存在于橙黄色和红色的水果当中[51]。2014年一项流行病学研究对63 257名年龄为45~47岁的新加坡籍华人进行了9.9年的随访,发现在男性中水果蔬菜的摄入与降低髋骨骨折发生风险有关,且膳食中总类胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素、玉米黄质和叶黄素的摄入量均与髋骨骨折呈负相关关系[51]。Mackinnon等[52]对绝经女性的膳食进行了为期1个月的番茄红素摄入限制,结果受试者血清中的番茄红素、叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-胡萝卜素和NTx均显著降低。Zhang等[53]通过对中国成年人进行横断面研究发现,血清中高浓度的番茄红素等类胡萝卜素与高BMD水平相关联。此外,类胡萝卜素对骨骼健康的作用在一些动物实验中也有报道[54-55]。机理研究发现,番茄红素能够通过抑制骨转化从而修复骨强度与骨微结构,并下调破骨细胞的分化同时上调成骨细胞功能[56];而β-隐黄质能够上调OPG的分泌[57],抑制骨吸收,并在骨骼钙化的过程中起到重要作用[58]。

3 结论与展望

越来越多的流行病学、人体试验和动物实验提示,水果对骨骼健康可能具有促进作用。每日摄入3份水果(约为240~366g)即能在很大程度上降低骨质疏松或骨折的发病风险,这与《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》[19]中推荐的每日200~350g水果的摄入量较为一致。我国居民目前每日水果的摄入量平均只有36g[59],远远低于推荐标准。还有很多不利于增加水果摄入的健康流言。考虑到水果有益预防心脑血管疾病和多种癌症,同时可能有益骨骼健康,且为矿物质、类胡萝卜素、维生素、多酚类化合物等营养物质的重要食物营养来源,应继续教育国民从儿童少年时代便形成每天吃水果的饮食习惯,并持续终生,以便更好地预防中老年之后可能发生的骨质疏松问题。◇

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