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从2018年高考全国卷看“熟词生义”

2018-01-25湖南

教学考试(高考英语) 2018年5期
关键词:熟词生义人教版

湖南

在历年高考中,考生总会遇到这样一种情况:见到一个词非常眼熟,就是不能立马明白它此时此刻的意思。众所周知,初、高中英语教材中的单词清单所给出的只是每个单词最基本和常见的意思,即“熟义”。然而,教材“熟词”在高考文章中却产生了“生义”,这便是人们常说的“熟词生义”现象。高考卷对“熟词生义”的考查总是十分热衷。仅以2018年高考全国卷I和卷II为依据,笔者就可轻而易举地列举数个“熟词生义”现象。由此看来,老调重弹“熟词生义”现象是极其重要的,也是非常有价值的。

一、教材“熟词熟义”与高考“熟词生义”

【例1】(2018年全国卷I阅读理解B篇)Good Morning Britain’sSusanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role—showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.

划线词“grilling”的原形是grill, 出现在《牛津高中英语》(模块九•高三上学期)第一单元Project标题为Is Australia really a sporting nation?文章的开头段:“Anywhere Australians get together—in the canteen during lunch, in the pub with a pint of beer, or in someone’s garden over a barbecue grill—the conversation quickly turns to sport.” 不论澳大利亚人在哪里聚会——在餐厅吃中饭、在酒吧喝啤酒或在花园烧烤——他们的话题都会很快地转到体育上。

模块九第74页和第80页中的单词清单对grill的描述是:grill / rIl/n.(置于火上的 )烤架;vt.烧烤,灸烤。然而,在上述高考阅读理解文中,grill的意思发生了变化。当人被反复盘问时,他就像是被置于烧烤架上承受煎熬,因此这里grill的生义就是“追问,盘问”。

【例2】(2018年全国卷II阅读理解A篇)On Monday we travel to London.After staying overnight in London, we travel on Day 2 to northern France to visit the World War I battlefields.On Day 3 we cross into Belgium.Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park, staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks.Our final day, Friday, sees us visit central Paris and tour the main sights.

关于上文划线词“see”,人教版《英语》(七年级上册)第 87页和第100页说明:see /si:/v.理解;明白。不过,上文中的see却不再是“理解,明白”的意思。根据句义“周四我们短途旅行去巴黎,游览巴黎迪士尼乐园,晚些时候,我们观看游行和烟花”,see的生义是“为……发生的时间”。

【例3】(2018年全国卷II阅读理解A篇)Visit Warner Bros Studio, shop stop to buy picnic, stay overnight in an approved Youth Hostel in Streatley-on-Thames, guided tour of Oxford to see the film locations, picnic lunch outside Oxford’s Christchurch, boating on the River Cherwell through the University Parks, before heading back to Exeter.

对于上文划线词“locations”,人教版《英语》(八年级下册)第 124 页和第 130页的解析是:location /lE keI∫n/n.地点;位置。这里的locations产生了“(电影的)外景拍摄地”之生义。

【例4】(2018年全国卷I阅读理解D篇)We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new.

对于上文划线词“culture”,人教版《英语》(八年级下册 )第 126 页和 134 页描述如下:culture /kʌlt∫ə(r) /n.文化;文明。根据上文句意“我们或许会认为自己有这样的习惯:一看见新科技产品就会扔掉我们在用的旧产品”,culture的生义是“习惯”。

【例5】(2018年全国卷II阅读理解B篇)Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance.These colorful and sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.

译林版《牛津高中英语》(模块二•高一上学期)第69页和第 72 页中的单词清单对 jewel的描述是:jewel/'d u:əl/n.宝石; 珠宝首饰。然而,上文中的“jewels”的生义是“宝贝(非正式用语)”,亦有“难能可贵的人,珍贵的东西”的生义。

此外,全国卷 I的完形填空:He was an international grandmaster, which meant I would be learning from one of the game’s 46 .I could hardly wait to meet him.第 46 空所填词“best”,是形容词,其熟义是:“最好的,最优秀的;最合适的,最有利的”等,但这里所选填的best词性已发生变化,成了名词。根据此句大意“作者能师从这个项目最好的选手之一”可知,best的生义为“最好的人,最好的事物”。

二、例说源自教材熟词的“生义”

了解“熟词生义”现象有助于学生阅读能力的提升。熟词衍生新义大致分为两类情况:一是词性不变,二是词性有变。接下来,笔者将以人教版《英语》(初中)和译林版《牛津高中英语》教材为主要依据,列出常见单词的熟义,并例说其生义的用法。

1.词性未变

(1) act:v.熟义“扮演,行动”;生义“起作用”。例如:

It will be a few days before the pills taken by you yesterday act.你昨天服用的药丸要几天时间才会起作用。

(2) against:prep.熟义“倚,碰,反对”;生义“衬托”。例如:

Below the mountains, the sunshine reflects on the many lakes, making them shine like diamonds against the rich countryside.山脚下,阳光照在星罗棋布的湖面上,使它们在富丽乡村景色的映衬下,如钻石般闪耀璀璨。

(3) carry:v.熟义“拿,提,扛”;生义“刊登”。例如:

Yesterday’s evening paper carried full reports of the ambassador’s visit to our city.昨天的晚报大篇幅地刊载了这位大使来我市访问的报道。

(4) cover:v.熟义“遮盖,覆盖”;生义“报道”。例如:

Two daily cameramen were sent to cover the event on site.两位日报摄影记者被派去现场报道这事件。

(5) due:adj.熟义“预期的,预定的”;生义“应支付的”。例如:

The management fees are due on the last day of each month.每月最后一天应支付管理费。

(6) fail:v.熟义“不及格,失败,未能(做到)”;生义“不足”。例如:

Due to a building project,our residential area’s water supply failed last night.由于一项在建项目,我们小区昨晚供水不足。

(7) flight:n.熟义“航班,空中航行”;生义“楼梯”。例如:

Last Sunday, we had no choice but to climb twentysix flights without electricity.上周日,由于停电我们不得不爬26楼。

(8) freeze:v.熟义“结冰”;生义“不许动”。例如:

All of a sudden, the man pulled out a gun and shouted“Freeze!” 那个男子突然掏出枪,大喊一声:“不许动!”

(9) interest:n.熟义“兴趣”;生义“利息”。例如:

Two local banks offered him interest-free loans.两家地方银行为他提供了无息贷款。

(10) invitation:n.熟义“邀请,请柬”;生义“诱因”。例如:

Such a sharp comment is an invitation to a bitter argument.如此尖锐的评论会诱发激烈的争论。

(11) kill:v.熟义“杀死,弄死”;生义“让人捧腹大笑”。例如:

Mr.Bean’s joke kills Chinese audience sometimes.憨豆先生的幽默感有时让中国观众捧腹大笑。

(12) lecture:n.熟义“讲座”;生义“训斥”。例如:

The mum gave an angry lecture to the child because he would not sit still.因为小孩总是坐不住,妈妈生气地训斥了他。

(13) observe:v.熟义“观察,注意到,评论”;生义“庆祝”。例如:

Nowadays some leading European countries, including France, observe the Spring Festival as well.如今,一些主要欧洲国家包括法国也庆祝春节。

(14) passage:n.熟义“章节,段落”;生义“旅费”。例如:

He hasn’t earned enough passage to South Africa so far.到目前为止,他还没有挣得足够去南非的旅费。

(15) practice:n.熟义“练习”;生义“惯例”。例如:

I take a nap after lunch, which is my usual practice.我吃中饭后午休,这是我的惯例。

(16) reach:v.熟义“伸手,到达,抵达”;生义“延伸”。例如:

Hilton described a beautiful kingdom where three rivers joined together, steep mountains reached to the sky,and fields of long grass covered the earth.希尔顿描绘了一个美丽的国度,那里三河交汇,奇峰高耸, 深草如茵盖大地。

(17) read:v.熟义“读,阅读”;生义“显示”。例如:

It is not hot today and the thermometer read 22℃ then.今天不热,温度计显示的度数是22摄氏度。

(18) remember:v.熟义“记住,记起”;生义“代……问好”。例如:

Please remember me kindly to your uncle !请代我问候你的叔叔!

(19) subscribe:v.熟义“定期订购,订阅”;生义“支持”。例如:

A lot of people now subscribe to these theories.现在很多人认同这些理论。

(20) succeed:v.熟义“实现目标,成功”;生义“接替”。例如:

Who will succeed him as chairman after he retires? 他退休后,谁接替他担任主席?

(21) weigh:v.熟义“重量是……,称……的重量”;生义“权衡”。例如:

They weighed the advantages of the operation against the the risks involved.他们仔细考虑做这种手术的好处和危险。

(22) when:conj.熟义“当……时候”;生义“如果”。例如:

How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching TV? 如果他们把所有的空闲时间都用来看电视了,还能学什么东西呢?

2.词性有变

(1) address:n.熟义“住址,地址,通讯处”;v.生义“称呼”。例如:

In her speech of welcome, the president was addressed as“Mr.President”.在她的欢迎讲话里,总统被称为“总统先生”。

(2) arm:n.熟义“手臂,上肢”;v.生义“武装”。例如:

A local sergeant said the man was armed with guns, dangerous.一位当地探长说该男子携有枪,十分危险。

(3) blow:v.熟义“吹”;n.生义“打击”。例如:

The death of the chairman was a great blow to the Multi-National Corporation.董事长的去世对该跨国公司是沉重的打击。

(4) build:v.熟义“建筑,建造”;n.生义“体格”。例如:

Old as he is, he has a very good athletic build.虽然他年纪大了,但是他体格健壮。

(5) can:modelv.熟义“能,会”;n.生义“罐头”。例如:

My grandmother is not fond of this kind of can.我的奶奶不喜欢这种罐头。

(6) cause:v.熟义“造成,引起”;n.生义“事业”。例如:

The UN has done a lot for the cause of world peace.联合国为世界和平事业做了许多贡献。

(7) console:v.熟义“安慰”;n.生义“落地柜”。例如:

We sold all the furniture including our favorite console without hesitation because we would move to another city.因为要搬到另外一座城市,我们不假思索地卖掉了家具,包括我们喜欢的落地柜。

(8) even:adv.熟义“甚至,连,愈加”;v.生义“使相等”。例如:

Our school basketball team evened the score in the last 30 seconds.我校篮球队在最后30秒将比分扳平。

(9) figure:n.熟义“体形,数字,人物”;v.生义“认为”。例如:

She figured that she would pass the coming test.她认为她可能通过即将来临的测试。

(10) free:adj.熟义“免费的,自由的”;v.生义“脱离”。例如:

The medicine is taking effect, which has freed me from pain.药物在起作用,已经让我脱离了痛苦。

(11) given:adj.熟义“规定的,指明的,倾向于”;prep.生义“考虑到”。例如:

Given her age, it may take her a couple of months to recover from the operation.考虑到她的年龄问题,她可能手术后要两三个月的时间才会恢复。

(12) good:adj.熟义“好的”;n.生义 “利益”。例如:

We are working here for the good of our country.我们在这里为了国家的利益而工作。

(13) head:n.熟义“头”;v.生义“负责”。例如:

The Wildlife Protection and Research Center here is headed by a Doctor of Medicine.这里的野生动物保护研究中心由一位医学博士负责。

(14) make:v.熟义“使成为,制造”;n.生义“品牌”。例如:

What make of home-made car do you plan to buy for your wife? 你计划为妻子买哪一种牌子的国产车?

(15) must:modelv.熟义“必须”;n.生义“必做的事情”。例如:

If you often go abroad, to learn English well is a must.如果你经常出国,学好英语是必须要做的事情。

(16) over:prep.熟义“在……上方 /空,通 /越 /超过,(层次上)高于”;adv.生义“在……期间”。例如:

They met several times over the Spring Festival.他们在春节期间见过几次面。

(17) park:n.熟义“公园”;v.生义“坐下来”。例如:

Would you please park yourself in that bench while I make you a cup of tea? 请你坐在那张椅子上,我给你去沏茶好吗?

(18) plant:v.熟义“种植”;n.生义“工厂”。例如:

To solve the problem of potable water shortage, the government has decided to set up another water purification plant.为了解决缺乏饮用水的问题,政府决定再建一座净水厂。

(19) pronounce(d):v.熟义“发音”;adj.生义“明显的”。例如:

He had a large square face, with strongly pronounced eyebrows and cheekbones.他的脸盘很大 ,方形脸 ,浓眉大眼 ,颧骨突出。

(20) review:v.熟义“回顾,复习”;n.生义“评论,评价”。例如:

The TV play series enjoyed excellent reviews.这部电视连续剧受到了极好的评价。

(21) season:n.熟义“季节”;v.生义“使习惯”。例如:

Now that we have settled down here, we must season the changeable weather here.既然我们已经在这里定居,我们必须习惯这里变化多端的天气。

(22) stand:v.熟义“忍受,站立”;n.生义“摊位”。例如:

This is our company stand at the international trade fair.这是我们公司在国际商品展销会的摊位。

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