高考完形填空中的熟词生义——以近五年全国卷为例

湖北

完形填空主要考查考生在阅读理解的基础上运用词汇和语法的能力，纵观近几年高考完形填空题，可发现其对词汇的要求越来越高，不仅考查词汇的常用义，更考查了常见词的“生义”，以此来测试学生对于词汇用法的掌握。而对于熟词生义的理解正是学生在平常的英语学习中容易疏忽的地方，因此熟词生义题失分现象比较严重。下面笔者以近五年高考全国卷完形填空题为例，详细分析熟词生义的命题特点。

一、词性未变

【例 1】(2018 年全国卷Ⅰ，42)During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits.I jumped at the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesn’t want to 42 a few dollars?

42.A.waste B.earn C.save D.pay

解析：C。savev.熟义为“救助，挽救”，此处意为“节省，节约”。

eg.We’ll take a cab to save time.我们坐出租车，好节省时间。

We should try to save water.我们应设法节约用水。

【例 2】(2018年全国卷Ⅰ，51)In order to pass the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to 51 what we would learn in class to our future professions and, eventually, to our lives.

51.A.add B.expose C.apply D.compare

解析：C。applyv.熟义为“申请，请求”，此处意为“使用，应用”。

eg.The new technology was applied to farming.这项新技术已应用于农业。

【例 3】(2018 年全国卷Ⅱ，54)Those brown eyes were very familiar.“What’s his name?” I asked the instructor.“Ben,” he replied, and immediately I 54 .That stranger was my son!

54.A.agreed B.hesitated C.doubted D.knew

解析：D。knowv.熟义为“知道，了解”，此处意为“懂得，意识到”。

eg.As soon as I walked in the room I knew (that) something was wrong.我刚走进屋就意识到出了事。

此外，know还有“认识，熟悉”之义，该含义在2018年全国卷Ⅲ的完形填空中有考查，具体见例4。

【例 4】(2018 年全国卷Ⅲ，50)In her excitement, she didn’t seem to realize that she was sharing the baby’s photos with a complete stranger.“Well, I don’t 50 you all but I will get there to take pictures with the baby,” replied Dennis before asking which room the new parents were in.

50.A.accept B.know C.believe D.bother

解析：B。此处考查know“熟悉，认识”之义。

eg.Do you two know each other? (= Have you met before?)你们俩认识吗？

【例 5】(2018年全国卷Ⅲ，53)Much to the family’s surprise, Dennis stuck to his promise! He turned up at the hospital 53 gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy.

53.A.bearing B.collecting C.opening D.making

解析：A。此题在该篇完形填空中错误率颇高，bearv.熟义为“忍受，承受”，此处考查其不太常用的含义“携带”。

eg.The wedding guests arrived, bearing gifts.参加婚礼的宾客带着礼物到来。

The US Constitution states that the people have a right to bear arms.美国宪法上写明民众有权携带武器。

【例 6】(2018年全国卷Ⅲ，58、59)Teresa posted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website accompanied by the touching words: “What a 58 this young man was to our family! He was so 59 and kind to do this.”

58.A.pity B.blessing C.relief D.problem

解析：B。blessingn.熟义为“上帝的赐福，祝福，保佑”，此处意为“幸事，好事，福气”。

eg.Lack of traffic is one of the blessings of country life.往来车辆少是乡村生活的一大好处。

It’s a blessing no one was badly hurt.所幸没有人受重伤。

59.A.smart B.calm C.sweet D.fair

解析：C。sweetadj.熟义为“甜的”，此处意为“善良的，好心的，温柔的”。

eg.She gave him her sweetest smile.她向他投以极温柔的一笑。

It was sweet of them to offer to help.他们主动帮忙，真是好心人。

【例 7】(2017 年全国卷Ⅱ ,43)In 1973, I was teaching elementary school.Each day, 27 kids entered “The Thinking Laboratory”.That was the name students voted for after deciding that “Room 104” was too 43 .

43.A.small B.dark C.strange D.dull

解析：D。dulladj.熟义为“阴沉的，昏暗的”，此处意为“枯燥无味的，无聊的”。

eg.Life in a small town could be deadly dull.小城镇的生活可能会非常没意思。

The first half of the game was pretty dull.上半场比赛打得十分沉闷。

【例 8】(2017 年全国卷Ⅱ，56) Just last year, I was 56 a workshop when someone knocked at the classroom door.A woman excused the interruption and handed me an envelope.

56.A.observing B.preparing

C.designing D.conducting

解析：D。首先，考生对于题干中的workshop的误解容易导致其走入答题误区，workshopn.熟义为“车间，作坊”，而此处意为“研讨会，讲习班”。

eg.a poetry workshop 诗歌讲习班

其次，conductv.熟义为“执行，实施”，此处意为“组织，主持”。

eg.The memorial service was conducted by the Rev.David.这次追悼仪式由戴维牧师主持。

【例 9】(2016年全国卷Ⅰ，41)Larry works with Transport Drivers, Inc.One morning in 2009, Larry was 41 along 165 north after delivering to one of his customers.

41.A.walking B.touring

C.traveling D.rushing

解析：C。travelv.熟义为“旅行”，此处意为“行进，传播”。

eg.to travel at 50 miles an hour 以每小时 50 英里的速度行进。

News travels fast these days.如今消息传播得很快。

【例 10】(2016 年全国卷Ⅰ，46)One more look and he noticed flames shooting out from under the 46 vehicle.

46.A.used B.disabled

C.removed D.abandoned

解析：B。disabledadj.熟义为“残疾的”，动词disable除“使丧失能力，使残疾”外，还有“使无效，使不能运转”之意。因此，disabled此处意为“无法运转的，被破坏的”。

eg.The burglars gained entry to the building after disabling the alarm.窃贼破坏报警器后便得以进入大楼。

【例 11】(2015 年 全国 卷 Ⅰ，45)In the store, I asked each of my kids to 45 something they thought our “friend”there would appreciate.They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice.

45.A.draw B.say

C.arrange D.pick

解析：D。pickv.熟义为“采，摘”，此处意为“挑选”。

eg.She picked the best cake for herself.她为自己挑了一块最好的蛋糕。

【例 12】(2015 年全国卷Ⅰ，48)Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a gift card.I thought about it.We were 48 on cash ourselves, but...well, sometimes giving from our need instead of our abundance is just what we need to do!

48.A.easy B.low

C.soft D.loose

解析：B。lowadj.熟义为“低的，矮的”，此处意为“不足的，缺乏的”。

eg.We’re running low on gas.我们的汽油不多了。

【例 13】(2015年全国卷Ⅱ，57) It 57 me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for all the girls on the team.I think it is a general principle.Experience is the best teacher.

57.A.confused B.struck

C.reminded D.warned

解析：B。strikev.熟义为“撞，击，打”，此处意为“突然想到”。

eg.An awful thought has just struck me.刚才我脑子里突然闪过一个可怕的念头。

【例 14】(2014年全国卷Ⅱ，42) Joe Simpson and Simon Yates were the first people to climb the West Face of the Siula Grande in the Andes mountains.They reached the top successfully, but on their way back conditions were very 42 .Joe fell and broke his leg.

42.A.difficult B.similar C.special D.normal

解析：A。conditionn.熟义为“条件”，此处意为“境况，状况，状态”。

eg.a used car in perfect condition 车况完好的旧车

He is overweight and out of condition.他的体重超重，健康状况不佳。

二、词性变化

【例 1】(2018 年全国卷Ⅲ，56)Teresa 56 a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website accompanied by the touching words:“What a blessing this young man was to our family! He was so sweet and kind to do this.”

56.A.found B.selected C.developed D.posted

解析：D。post的熟义为名词“邮政，邮件，杆子”，此处用作动词，意为“张贴，公布”。

eg.A copy of the letter was posted on the notice board.布告牌上张贴了这封信的复印件。

The results will be posted on the Internet.结果将在互联网上公布。

【例 2】(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ，48)The story began during my first week at college.I watched as the ASL Club performed their translation of a song.Both the hand movements and the very 48 of communicating without speaking attracted me.

48.A.idea B.amount

C.dream D.reason

解析：A。 题干中very的熟词生义容易干扰考生的思维，very的熟义为副词“非常”，此处为形容词，意为“仅仅的，唯独的”。

eg.The very thought of drink made him feel sick.他一想到酒就觉得恶心。

【例 3】(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ，53)After that, feeling the need to explore further, I decided to drop in on one of ASL club’s meetings.I only learned how to 53 the alphabet that day.

53.A.print B.write

C.sign D.count

解析：C。 sign的熟义为名词“标志，标牌，征兆，预兆”，此处为动词“打手语”。

eg.She learnt to sign to help her deaf child.为帮助她耳聋的孩子，她学会了手语。

【例 4】(2017年全国卷Ⅱ，51)Through the years,I’d run into former students who would provide 51 on old classmates.I learned that Freddy did several jobs after his graduation from high school and remained the same caring person I met forty years before.

51.A.assessments B.comments

C.instructions D.updates

解析：D。人教版高中英语选修九单词表中对update的解释为动词“更新”，而此处update被用作名词，意为“最新消息”。

eg.an update on recently published version of crime figures关于最近公布的犯罪数字的最新消息

【例 5】(2017年全国卷Ⅲ，48、49)“I just want to see the ticket go to good use and for someone to 48 a lot of joy,” said Axani.He posted his 49 on a social networking website, and received thousands of e-mails, including thirty from actual Elizabeth Gallaghers with the right passports.“More interesting, there are hundreds of Canadians who are interested in changing their name to Elizabeth Gallagher,”Axani said.

48.A.sacrifice B.express

C.experience D.provide

解析：C。experience的熟义为名词“经历，经验”，此处意为动词“经历，体验”。

eg.Everyone experiences these problems at some time in their lives.每个人在人生的某个阶段都会经历这些问题。

49.A.answer B.advice

C.offer D.comment

解析：C。offer的熟义为动词“提供”，此处用作名词，意为“主动提议，自愿给予”。

eg.a job offer 一个工作机会

I took him up on his offer of a loan.他主动提出借钱给我，我接受了。

【例 6】(2016 年全国卷Ⅰ，52)They told her to stay 52 until the emergency personnel arrived, but she thought the car was going to explode.

52.A.quiet B.still

C.away D.calm

解析：B。still的熟义为副词“仍然”，此处用作形容词，意为“静止的，寂静的”。

eg.still water 平静的水面

Keep still while I brush your hair.我给你梳头时你不要动。

【例 7】(2016 年全国卷Ⅱ，50) One morning, I had to 50 an immediate flight home for a family emergency.

50.A.arrange B.postpone

C.confirm D.book

解析：D。book的熟义为名词“书”，此处意为动词“预约，预订”。

eg.I’d like to book a table for two for 8 o’clock tonight.我想订一张今晚8点钟的二人餐桌。

【例 8】(2016 年全国卷Ⅱ，53)She gave me a 53 smile, nodded while listening patiently, and then printed out the ticket immediately.

53.A.shy B.comforting C.familiar D.forced

解析：B。comfort的熟义为名词“舒适，舒服”，此外还可用作动词，意为“安慰，宽慰”。因此，此处comfort的-ing形式作定语，意为“令人宽慰的”。

eg.The victim’s widow was today being comforted by family and friends.受害人的遗孀今天正受到亲属和朋友的安慰。

【例 9】(2016年全国卷Ⅲ，50)One afternoon, I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller 50 going over a fence—which wasn’t hard to climb if you had both arms.

50.A.stuck B.hurt C.tried D.lost

解析：A。stick的熟义为名词“棍子”，此处用作动词，意为“（使）卡住，陷住”。

eg.The wheels were stuck in the mud.车轮陷到了泥里。

I can’t get out—I’m stuck.我出不去──我被卡住了。

【例 10】(2014年全国卷Ⅰ，47)The world is full of half-filled stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someone’s 47 interest.When parents bring home a pet, their child gladly bathes it and brushes its fur.Within a short time, however, the burden of caring the animal is handed over to the parents.

47.A.broad B.passing C.different D.main

解析：B。passing的熟义为名词“通过，流逝，消亡”，此处用作形容词，意为“暂时的，瞬间的”。

eg.a passing thought/interest 一闪念；一时之兴

三、固定搭配中的词义变化

【例 1】(2018 年全国卷Ⅰ，41)During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a“free”course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits.I 41 the idea of taking the class because, after all,who doesn’t want to save a few dollars?

41.A.put forward B.jumped at

C.tried out D.turned down

解析：B。jump熟义为“跳”，此处与介词at构成固定搭配jump at，意为“迫不及待地接受”。

eg.I jumped at the chance of a trip to Hong Kong.我迫不及待地接受了去香港的机会。

【例 2】(2018年全国卷Ⅱ，52)He was unconscious and as I looked at his face, something 52 to me.Those brown eyes were very familiar.

52.A.happened B.occurred

C.applied D.appealed

解析：B。occur的熟义为“发生，出现”，此处与to构成固定搭配occur to，意为“被想到，出现在头脑中”。

eg.It never occurred to him that he would become a lawyer.他从未想到自己能成为律师。

【例 3】(2017年全国卷Ⅰ，55)Yet instead of being discouraged by my slow progress, I was excited.I then made it a point to 55 those meetings and learn all I could.

55.A.chair B.sponsor C.attend D.organize

解析：C。对题干中point的理解为解题的关键。point熟义为名词“点，时刻，地点”，此处构成固定搭配make it a point to do sth.，意为“特意做某事”。

eg.I always make it a point to be there early.我总是特意提前到那儿。

【例 4】(2014 年全国卷Ⅰ，44)For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about playing with their new toys.But their 44 soon wears off and by January those same toys can be found put away in the basement.

44.A.confidence B.interest

C.anxiety D.sorrow

解析：B。题干中wear作动词时熟义为“穿，磨损”，此处与off构成固定搭配wear off，意为“逐渐消失，逐渐停止”，如此可确定该题答案。

eg.The effects of the drug will soon wear off.这麻醉药的作用将很快消失。

由此可见，高考英语完形填空对于词汇用法的考查全面且深入，而人教版高中英语教材的单词表中只列出了词汇的熟义，传统的按照单词表机械地背诵单词的方法显然已不能达到高考对学生语言能力的要求。由于单词的生义很难在课文中一一体现，且学生记忆单词缺乏相应的语境，因此，对熟词生义例句的补充就显得尤为重要。只有结合例句，弥补多义词语境的空缺，才能帮助学生更好地掌握熟词生义的用法，也能更好地避免遗忘。