重拾教材阅读之根 写作无需洪荒之力

广东

英语教学的基本目标之一是使学生能用英语流畅地写作，由于“写”贯穿了整个学习过程，并涉及听、说、读其他语言技能。因此，写作是比较难处理的教学环节。

其实，只要教师指导学生回归教材、重视课本阅读，学生写作则无需洪荒之力。教材是学生最熟悉的材料，只要教师和学生回归教材、重视课本阅读，就会发现一大片广阔的“写作素材”天地。以人教版高中英语教材为例，教材的话题广泛，包括科技 (Unit 2 of Book 7Robots)、地理 (Unit 5 of Book 3Canada—“The True North”)、名人 (Unit 5 of Book 1Nelson Mandela—a modern hero)、 环 保 (Unit 4 of Book 6Global warming)、自然 (Unit 4 of Book 2Wildlife protection)、健康 (Unit 3 of Book 6A healthy life)、新闻 (Unit 4 of Book 5Making the news)、文化保护（Unit 1 of Book 2Cultural relics）等。并且教材的内容贴近现实生活，有时代气息、视野开阔、信息量大，有利于开阔学生的文化视野、增强学生对英语国家文化的理解，加深对祖国文化的理解和热爱。

在平时的英语教学中，教师回归教材、重视教材阅读，能激发学生的学习兴趣、扩大学生的知识面、开阔学生的视野、增加学生的信息摄入，能引导学生整理、反馈和提取信息，能帮助学生更好地表达自己的思想情感，写出简洁而优美的文章。

一、回归教材，重视阅读，巧练写作

在实际的操作中，教师应以教材为中心，在培养学生英语阅读能力的同时，对学生进行各种有效的写作训练，从而达到培养学生用书面英语进行交际的目的。下文以人教版高中英语 Unit 1 of Book 1 为教学案例，分析教材阅读和写作妙不可分的关系。

1.短语、句型训练：由于受教学交际法的影响，阅读中有关短语和句型的操练常被弱化。其实操练短语和句型是很有必要的，这有助于提高学生的兴趣，也可为学生提供准确对话和写作的样本。下面是笔者举的4个例子。

（1）短语：be upset about sth.为某事感到心烦。

I am upset about math.我为数学感到心烦。

（2）短语：get along/on…with与……相处，进展

I am getting along well with a boy in my class.我跟班上的一个男生相处得很好。

（3）句型：There was a time when...曾经有段时间……

There was a time when Peter was crazy about computer games.曾经有段时间彼得痴迷于电脑游戏。

（4）句型：not…until… 直到……才……

I didn’t go home until I finished my homework.直到我完成作业才回家。

2.串词、串句成文：教师指导学生利用学过的词汇、短语和句型串词、串句成文。学生通过模仿，形成地道的英语。下文为学生用教材中的短语 be upset about, get along with 和 句 型 there was a time when…, it was the first time that…, not…until…等整合成的一篇优美的文章。

There was a time when I was upset about study.I packed up my things and went to Guangzhou.It was the first time that I had been there.One day I happened to meet Li Hua when I was visiting the zoo.I found it easy to get along with him.It was a pleasure to be together with him.Soon we became good friends.This was because I had so good a friend that I didn’t feel lonely any longer.I didn’t realize the value of friendship until then.

3.仿写、背诵教材：除了串词、串句成文的模仿，学生还可以仿写阅读中的优美文段。阅读是模仿的前提，学生必须仔细地阅读才能更好地模仿。学生运用阅读中的词语、句型和规范搭配，达到从模仿写作到独立写作的目的。如Anne’s best friend日记中的第一段非常精彩，教师可以指导学生仿写并背诵此段。

阅读原文： I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.That’s changed since I was here.

作文仿写：I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been at home for so long that I’ve grown crazy about everything to do with my hometown.I can well remember that there was a time when my mother’s love and my father’s guidance could have never kept me spellbound.That’s changed since I went to college.

4.利用关键词，总结课文阅读：教师可以在学生阅读完文章并找出其关键词或者主题句后，让学生通过连词造句或者根据主题句发挥，写出文章的简短介绍。

Anne’s Best Friend: Anne’s family, Jewish, were forced to hide away to escape from the German Nazis in World War Ⅱ ,during which Anne made her diary her best friend, expressing her feelings and thoughts, especially her craziness about nature.

Using language: Lisa was upset because her classmates gossiped that a boy and she fell in love.Actually, they were good friends.So she asked Miss Wang for advice.Miss Wang asked her to ignore this gossip.Otherwise, she would lose a good friend who helped her with her studies.

5.改写课文：改变课本的人称、时态，甚至是改变课本的体裁。把对话改成文章，把文章改成剧本，这样既可以提高学生的写作能力，又可以复习阅读材料，一举两得。如Unit 1中的安妮日记，学生可以把日记改成有关安妮和日记的对话。

Diary: I am grateful to you because you make me your best friend.But I am puzzled.Why does your family have to hide?

Anne: My family is Jewish so we have to hide.Or we would be caught by German Nazis.

Diary: It is terrible.You are so crazy about everything to do with nature.Is it because you haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long?

Anne: Yes, it is.I do want to go outside.I can well remember a deep blue sky, the song of the birds and moonlight were so beautiful.

Diary: But you couldn’t go outside.Otherwise, not only you but also your family would be in danger.In the past, you took nature for granted.Now you do value it.As far as I am concerned, what you should value most is your family.

6.续写课文：学习了人教版高中英语 Unit 1 of Book 1的Anne’s Best Friend和 Using Language 中 Lisa 的问题后，要求学生对这两篇文章进行续写。续写课文可以培养学生的创造性思维，激发学生的学习兴趣和运用课本知识的能力，还能提升学生的阅读和写作能力。

Anne’s Best Friend的续写：One day, Anne went outdoors when seeing there was nobody.She was so scared that her heart beat very fast.The air was very fresh and the sky was blue.Suddenly, a person patted her on the shoulder, making her cry and said, “Let me go.” When turning around, she found it was her father.“It is too dangerous, Anne.You should think highly of others’safety.If Nazis caught you, maybe all of us would be put into prison or even be killed.” Anne nodded and was sorry about what she had done.

Using Language的续写：面对Lisa的问题，回信可如下：

Dear Lisa,

I am sorry you are having trouble in getting along with your classmates.However, the situation is easy to change if you take my advice.The following are my tips.

First, it is nothing wrong to make friends with a boy.Besides, it is possible for a boy and a girl to be good friends.If ending your friendship, you would lose a good friend who helps you with studies.More importantly, you do need to ignore others’ gossip; this is because they can’t understand your friendship with this boy.

I hope you could find my ideas useful.

Yours,

Miss Wang

7.重视教材写作：教材中的写作部分既能巩固话题，又能进一步提升学生的写作能力。人教版高中英语Unit 1 of Book 1是有关友谊的话题，合理利用教材第7页的Reading and writing部分不仅能提高学生的写作能力，而且教师还能教育学生要珍惜友谊，要做到“A friend in need is a friend indeed”。

教材第7页回信范文如下：

Dear Xiao Dong,

I’m sorry you are having trouble in making friends.However, this situation is easy to change if you take my advice.Here are some tips to help you.

Firstly, why not join in some clubs that you like, where you could meet a lot of students.Among them, you can make friends having the common.

Secondly, it would be a good idea to ask your classmates for help if you have some study problems.Through discussing how to handle them, the friendship could be strengthened.

Finally, lending a helping hand to others is a good virtue.When finding others in trouble, you should help them.With your kindness and warm heart, it is not hard to make good friends.Please keep it in mind that a friend in need is a friend indeed.

I hope you will find these ideas useful.

Yours,

Miss Wang

二、回归教材，紧扣高考，提升能力

巧用人教版高中英语Unit 1 of Book1的好词佳句，学生能轻松完成高考作文。以2018年全国卷Ⅰ高考作文题为例。

2018年全国卷Ⅰ书面表达：假定你是李华，你的新西兰朋友Terry将去中国朋友家做客，发邮件向你询问有关习俗。请你回复邮件，内容包括：

1.到达时间；

2.合适的礼物；

3.餐桌礼仪。

注意：

1.词数 100 左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

高考试题分析：2018年全国卷Ⅰ的书面表达设计严密科学，情景真实可信。随着中国的飞速发展，更多的外国人跟中国人交朋友，去中国人的家里做客，所以他们就需了解中国文化，如拜访中国人的有关习俗，包括餐桌礼仪。这篇文章让学生为祖国的强大而自豪，也能让学生有感而发。写作时，学生需要注意答卷上已经给出了称呼语Dear Terry及署名（Yours, Li Hua），要列出写作要点，注意时态、高级句式的使用。

巧用课本，书写美文：巧用人教版高中英语Unit 1 of Book 1的好词佳句，学生可以轻松完成此篇高考作文。

1.好词佳句：

⑴ be concerned about: ...you are concerned about him/her...（第1页）

e.g.你担忧在拜访你的中国朋友Lily的时候，你会犯荒谬的错误。

You are concerned that you will make some silly mistakes when visiting your Chinese friend Lily.

⑵ in order to: I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself.（第2页）

e.g.为了玩得开心，你问我一些有关怎么做才能表现得好的建议。

In order to have a wonderful time, you ask me to give you some suggestions on how to behave well.

⑶lend a helping hand: I’ll lend a helping hand.（第8页）

e.g.很荣幸我能够帮助你。

I am honored to lend you a helping hand.

⑷ 强 调 句 It is...that...: it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.（第 2 页）

e.g.你要特别重视餐桌礼仪。

It is table manners that you should think highly of.

⑸ 句型 It is/was the first time that...: it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face...（第 2 页）

e.g.这是你第一次拜访中国人。

It is the first time that you have visited Chinese.

⑹ 非谓语：While walking the dog, you were careless...（第1页）

e.g.拜访中国人的时候，你应该准时，以此表示你的礼貌。

When paying a visit to Chinese, you should be on time to display your politeness.

e.g.吃饭的时候，你不要吃着满嘴的东西讲话。

When having dinner, you are not allowed to talk with mouth full.

e.g.采纳了我的建议，你一定会玩得很开心。

After adopting my tips, you are firmly believed to have great fun.

2.2018 全国卷Ⅰ范文：

Dear Terry,

In your email, you are concerned about that you will make silly mistakes when visiting your Chinese friend Lily.In order to have a wonderful time, you ask me to give you some suggestions on how to behave well.I am honored to lend you a helping hand.With all things taken into account, I think you should place emphasis on the following things.

First of all, when paying a visit to Chinese, you should be on time to display your politeness.Besides, please take some small presents such as some fruits or a bottle of wine.Actually,tea will win Lily’s heart because Chinese show great fondness for it.Finally and most importantly, as it is the first time that you have visited Chinese, it is table manners that you should think highly of.When having dinners, you are not allowed to talk with your mouth full.Meanwhile, please don’t eat too fast.

After adopting my tips, you are firmly believed to have great fun.

Yours,

Li Hua

3.高考范文点评：本文要点全面，语言通顺，逻辑性很强，亮点突出，提出了写邮件的目的，讲述了去拜访中国人需要注意的事项，叙述了餐桌礼仪的重要性。此外，本文巧用人教版高中英语 Unit 1 of Book 1 的 in order to，be concerned about，lend sb.a helping hand，It is...that...，非谓语动词作状语，It is the first time that...等好词佳句，是一篇优秀的范文。

英语写作能力的培养和提高不是一蹴而就的。在平时的教学中，教师要回归教材、重视阅读。因为教材中内容、结构、程度、分量、活动和任务的设计都符合学生生理和心理发展的特点，符合他们的年龄特征，能激发他们的学习兴趣。教师要充分利用教材，激发学生的写作兴趣。总之，重拾教材阅读之根，学生写作无需洪荒之力！