as与同类词的比较与归纳

山西 唐兴平

随着语境和搭配的变化，as随时可以体现出比较复杂且多样化的用法，因此也经常出现在高考试题里。笔者现将在多年教学实践中积累的有关于as的用法归纳如下，以飨读者。

一、as作从属连词，引导时间、原因、让步、比较、方式等状语从句

1.引导时间状语从句，意为“正当……的时候”

As the teacher is explaining the text, the students are taking notes. 当老师解释课文时，学生们在记笔记。

此时应该注意as与when, while之间的区别。when,while和as三者均为从属连词，引导时间状语从句，三者区别如下：

when意为“当……的时候，在……的时候”，在从句中可指较短的时间点，也可指较长的时间段。如：

（1）When I came in, she was cooking dinner.（时间点）

（2）When she was cooking dinner, I came in.（时间段）

while意为“当……的时候，在某一段时间里”，强调主句动作发生在从句动作延续的过程当中，即从句动作为延续性的。如上面句（2）可用while代替when，但句（1）不可以。再如：

Please keep quite while others are studying.

as意为“当……的时候”，更强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，当从句动作为延续性动词时，可与when和while通用，但从句动作为短暂性动词时，仅可以和when互换。如：

“No, I won’t, I’ll be fine,”said Zhou Kai, as he opened the door.（外研版，Book Ⅱ，P2）

The sun was shining brightly as we sailed downstream through a hilly region.（外研版，Book Ⅳ，P42）

..., as I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.（2015年湖北卷）

As you go through this book, you will find that each of the millions of people who lived through World War Ⅱ had a different experience.（2015年湖南卷）

2.引导原因状语从句，意为“由于，因为，既然”

As he was in a hurry, he left his bag at home.

要注意区分as与引导原因状语从句的because, since和for。

四者都表示原因，引导原因状语从句，because语气最强，since次之，as又次之，for语气最弱。

because着重说明听话人或读者所不知道的原因或理由，从句可在主句前或后，在对话中用它来回答由why引导的疑问句。如：

I did it because they asked me to do it.

注意：在名词reason后，用that引导从句，而不用because。如：

The reason for my absence was that I was ill.

since表示人们已知的客观事实或原因被用来作推断的理由。如：

It must have rained, since the ground is wet.（推断的理由）

as引导原因状语从句时是向人们提供人们已知的原因、理由，从句只是起到了附带说明的作用，其着重点在于主句。如：

Cities are exciting, interesting places to live, and I have always enjoyed living in them， as there is so much to do and see. （外研版，Book I，P37）

for表示因果概念时，是并列连词，引导的从句语气最弱，提供的原因可有可无，且从句只能位于句尾。如：

He couldn’t have seen me, for I was not there.

3.as引导让步状语从句，相当于though，意为“尽管，虽然”

as引导让步状语从句时要采用倒装语序，其语气要比though引导的让步状语从句更强，主要有以下几种形式：

（1）原句为：主语+系动词+表语。可改为：表语+as+主语+系动词。如：

①Though we are students, we all have our own cellphones.→Students as we are, we all have our own cell-phones.

②Though she is a little girl, she dares to go out alone at night. →Little girl as she is, she dares to go out alone at night.

注意：当表语为可数名词单数且带冠词a或an时，将其倒装后，省去冠词，只保留单数名词，如句②。

（2）原句为：主语+be+过去分词。可改为：过去分词+as+主语+be。如：

Though our classroom was cleaned this morning, it is not clean now. →Cleaned as our classroom was this morning, it is not clean now.

（3）原句为：主语+谓语+副词（状语）。可改为：副词（状语）+as+主语+谓语。如：

Though I failed again in doing my experiment, I didn’t lose heart.→Again as I failed in doing my experiment, I didn’t lose heart.

（4）原句为：主语+情态动词/助动词+动词。可改为：动词+as+主语+情态动词/助动词。如：

Though you may try, you still cant’ make him change his mind. →Try as you may, you still cant’ make him change his mind.

（5）原句为：主语+谓语（没有助动词或情态动词的谓语）。可改为：动词+as+主语+助动词。（说明：如果原句谓语部分中没有任何情态动词或助动词，将实意动词提前后，要根据实意动词的时态和主语的人称，在主语后分别借用do, does或did之类的助动词）。如：

Though he escaped, Il’l try my best to find him. →Escape as he did, I’ll try my best to find him.

注意：这类从句需要注意以下几种特殊情况：

①这类从句在整个句子中位置灵活，可位于主句前、主句中或主句后。如：I know much, young as I am.

②这类从句和主句的谓语动词时态要根据实际情况而定，不必要求一致。

③as引导的原因状语从句也有类似将形容词、名词、动词等提前置于从句之首的情况，此时要注意区分两种状语从句。如：

Teacher as he is, he can explain it very clearly. (原因状语从句)

4.as引导比较状语从句

（1）as...as...，意为“和……一样的……”。常省去与主句相同的部分，第二个as后可接人称代词的主格或宾格。

I like him as much as she (likes him).

I like him as much as (I like) her.

The expanded European Union has a population of more than half a billion people, twice as big as the population of the United States.（外研版，Book Ⅲ，P9）

The failure was a big blow to him, but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever. （2015年福建卷）

（2）not as...as...，not so...as...，意为“不如……那样……，和……不一样”。

Beautiful Zhang Ziyi plays the part of Yu Jiaolong, a young woman who is not as good as she seems.（外研版，BookⅡ，P53）

Frozen fish isn’t as tasty as the fresh one.（2016年全国卷Ⅲ）

（3）...as...;...just as...; as..., so...; just as..., so...;意为“正如……那样”。

(Just) as two is to four, so one is to two.

注意：上述句型与what引导的一种从句在意义上相似，但结构不同。如：

Air is to us what water is to fish.

这种句型中what起连接代词的作用，what从句在主句中起表语的作用，而且what在从句中也起表语的作用。这一句型的语义功能有两个特点：

①对两件不同的事情进行对比，语义重点在主句，侧重所未知的内容，从句是说明已知的内容。通过已知和未知的对比，便可获得新知。如：

Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.

②为了说明某一事物而进行比喻，方式是用熟知的来比喻不熟知的，用近的来比喻远的，用具体的来比喻抽象的，所以读者在理解的过程中，必须先弄清楚句子的哪个部分是作者在语义上加以强调的未知内容。如：

Manure is to crops what food is to man.

上述例句侧重主句，即通过读者所熟悉的从句来说明主句中未知的内容。

二、as作从属连词，可引导表语从句、插入语或分词短语

1.引导表语从句，意为“像……一样，如……那样”

It is just as he has described. 正如他刚才描写的那样。

2.引出插入语，意为“正如……那样，如同……那样”，用逗号或破折号隔开，置于句首、句中或句尾

Because of this, I make sure that I have a good diet, and as I’ve said, this isn’t a problem because my mother feeds us so well.（外研版，BookⅡ，P3）

As Muhammad Ali puts it,“Champions aren’t made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them. A desire, a dream, a vision.”（2016年江苏卷）

3.引出分词或分词短语作状语，意为“正如”

It went on smoothly as intended.（2015年湖南卷）

More efforts, as reported, will be made in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.（2016年江苏卷）

As shown here, Lainey can become excited about reading when presented with literature on topics that interest her, and when the people around her model involvement in the reading process.（2016年四川卷）

三、作关系代词，引导定语从句或同位语从句，as可以指人、指物或指动作及状态

1.作关系代词引导限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，往往和s u c h, t h e s a me 等词搭配使用。主要构成下列结构：

such...as...意为“像……这样的，像……之类的”，the same...as...意为“和……同样的”。

It is a truly delightful place, which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.（2015年湖南卷）

（1）as在限制性定语从句中作主语。

We should read such books as have been recommended to us by Tom.

（2）as在限制性定语从句中作宾语。

You must show my wife the same respect as you show me.

（3）as在限制性定语从句中作表语。

She is not such a clever girl as she looks.

注意：此时要注意区分两组句型。

A: such...as...与such...that...

B: the same...as...与the same...that...

它们的具体意义如下：

①such...as...引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。如：

This is such an interesting story as I have ever read.

②such...that...引导结果状语从句，that在从句中不充当任何成分。如：

It is such an interesting film that we all want to see it.

③the same...as..., as引导定语从句，表示它所指代的内容与主句内容“相似”，即指同一类的人或物。如：

This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.

④the same...that..., that引导定语从句，为关系代词，表示它所指代的内容与主句内容是“同一”的，即指相同的人或物。如：

This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.

2.as作关系代词，用来代替一个句子或一件事，引导非限制性定语从句，从句位于主句前、后均可。as在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，意为“如，像，据”，多用于书面文章中

（1）在非限制性定语从句中作主语。如：

Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly（多疙瘩的）Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.（2016年全国卷Ⅲ）

（2）as在非限制性定语从句中作宾语。如：

As we all can see, great changes have taken place in China.

（3）as有时可引起一个不完整的从句，对于as作为关系代词还是连词的问题，在语法界仍有争论。如：

Universities started using the Internet at the same time as the army.（外研版，BookⅠ，P53）

But the spirit of Venice carnival is not quite the same as the great American carnivals. （外研版，Book Ⅴ，P33）

四、作介词，与名词、代词等构成介词短语

1.表示“作为，如同”等意义，说明某人的职业、职务或某物的用途、作用等。说明主语的情况，作主语补足语

A week-long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week’s events.（2015年福建卷）

2.as与一些动词搭配，意为“把……当作……，把……认为……”，引出主语补足语或宾语补足语

如：（1）take...as...;（2）consider...as...;（3）describe...as...;（4）look on/upon...as...;（5）see...as...;（6）view...as...;（7）accept...as...;（8）regard...as.../regard as;（9）say...as...;（10）think...as...

In China we say 40,000 as 4 wan.（外研版，BookⅠ，P42）

New Zealand he describes as“wonderful”.（外研版，Book Ⅳ，P49）

People saw Carnival as a last chance to have fun at the end of the winter season.（外研版，BookⅤ，P32）

You dont’ want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.（2016年全国卷 Ⅲ）

Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;...（2016年全国卷Ⅰ）

Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.（2015年福建卷）

五、常见含有as的相似短语

1.as far as 与so far as

二者在当代英语中已经完全通用，尽管仍有人认为so far as在语义上比as far as强一些，但在使用中并无区别，其主要用法是：

（1）意为“直到（或远到）……”时，运用于“距离”方面。如：

The boys ran fast as far as the small village.

（2）意为“直到……程度、范围”时，表示“比喻性质的距离、程度”。如：

He went as far as to disregard the labor discipline.

（3）意为“就……来说”。如：

As far as construction is concerned, the computer is similar to the human brain.

2.as long as 与so long as

二者可以指时间，意为“长达……之久”；也有“只要”之意，表示条件。但美国人用这两个短语表示“由于，因为，既然”，相当于since, because。so long as语气较强，as long as用得较多，但在含义上并无区别，主要用法是：

（1）意为“长达……之久”。如：

Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years!

（2）意为“只要”，引导条件状语从句。如：

Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide,but theyl’l exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.（2017年北京卷）

（3）意为“既然，由于，因为”。如：

So long as the weather is changeable these days, wed’ better get in wheat in time.