考不尽的冠词,犯不完的错
——高考冠词学习与应考策略
2018-01-25新疆常玉国特级教师
新疆 陈 菲 常玉国(特级教师)
冠词,可以说是英文十项词类中数量最少的单词,但是它的用法却是最难以掌握的。它在考试中出现的频率很高,几乎可以说是从初中(甚至是小学)到高中,逢考必考的项目,而在考试中又是出错率极高的一个考点项目。不管是在传统的单项填空、短文改错和新题型的语法填空中,还是在书面表达中,冠词错误比比皆是。难怪许多具有多年备考经验的老师在面对考生在此类题上所犯的错误时,常常会慨叹:“考不尽的冠词,犯不完的错呀!”
为此,笔者特别总结出“冠词学习一、二、三”这样的规律方法,以帮助广大师生应对这一“简单的难题”。
一、学习冠词的一条简单“铁律”
冠词为虚词,被用作限定词时,只能位于名词、形容词等被限定词之前,不可单独作句子成分。
二、冠词应用能力提升的两个基本思想
(一)分析语境很重要,胡思乱想不牢靠
1. 细读句子,判断是特指还是泛指
【高考链接】
(2017 · 全国卷Ⅱ,语法填空,64)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building astrong roof over ________ top.
【解析】the。此处特指在轨道的顶部,故要用定冠词the。
【高考链接】(2017 · 全国卷Ⅲ,语法填空,62)Instead, she is earning £6500 a day as ________ model in New York.
【解析】a。她在纽约当模特一天挣6500英镑。根据句意可知,此处表示职业,为泛指,故要用不定冠词a。
2.观察名词,辨别是可数名词还是不可数名词
【经典考题】(单句改错)I plan to take part-time job in a foreign company during the summer holiday.
【解析】take后加a。job是可数名词且为单数,可数名词单数形式前面用不定冠词表示泛指,故在take后加a。
3. 结合语境,选择定冠词、不定冠词或零冠词
【高考链接】(2009 · 全国卷Ⅰ,单选22,改编)Let’s go to_____ cinema —that’ll take your mind off the problem for a while.
【解析】the。go to the cinema是固定搭配,意为“去电影院”。
【高考链接】(2017 ·全国卷Ⅰ,语法填空,65)As_____result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
【解析】a。 as a result是固定搭配,意为“结果”。
【经典考题】(单句改错)It is known to us that life is not asmooth journey, which is full of ups and downs, so never lose the heart.
【解析】删除the。lose heart 是固定短语,之间不加冠词,意为“丧失信心”,故删除the。
(二)固定搭配是个宝,灵活应用不可少
1. 某些短语中,有t h e无t h e大不同
【高考链接】(2010 · 山东卷,单选22,改编)If we sit near _______ front of the bus, wel’l have a better view.
【解析】the。in the front of...表示“在某空间内部的前部”时,front前要加定冠词the。而in front of则为“在某物件外部的前面”。
2. 序数词前,用t h e用a意不同
【高考链接】(2009 · 四川卷,单选14,改编)In order to find a better job, he decided to study ________ second foreign language.
【解析】a。句意:为了找一份更好的工作,他决定再学习另外一门外语。a +序数词+名词表示“又一,再一”。
【高考链接】(2013 ·陕西卷,单选19,改编)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in _______thirteenth century.
【解析】the。此句中的序数词的前面用定冠词the,意为“在13世纪”。
3. 一冠两名双身份,两冠两名两个人(此处常常和主谓一致互设考点)
【经典句型】①A writer and director is going to give a talk on how to write this afternoon.(一名作家兼导演今天下午将要举办一个关于如何写作的讲座。)
②The writer and the director are going to visit our school this afternoon.(那位作家和那位导演今天下午将来参观我们学校。)
【经典考题】(单句改错)Born in America, Thomas Edison was a great scientist and an inventor.
【解析】inventor前an删去。此处a great scientist and inventor是同一个人。
三、熟记冠词的三类基本用法
(一)不定冠词a(an)的用法
1. 元音音素前用a n,辅音音素前用a(就是看其后单词或字母的第一个音标)
【高考链接】(2017 · 全国卷Ⅱ,短文改错)...and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.
【解析】第一个a改为an。后面的名词hour是以元音音素开头的单词,需要使用an。
2. 初次提到某个可数名词
【高考链接】(2008 · 陕西卷,单选10,改编)I ate_________ sandwich while I was waiting for the 20:08 train.
【解析】a。sandwich是可数名词, 且在句中首次出现,故用a。
3. 表示数量,相当于o n e
【高考链接】(2017 ·全国卷Ⅱ,书面表达)I am writing to tell you there will be a paper-cutting exhibition from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm this weekend in the city park.
4.用于事物的单位前,表示“每一”
【高考链接】(2011 · 江西卷,单选22,改编)—It’s said John will be in a job paying over $60000 ______ year.—Right, he will also get paid by the week.
【解析】a。句意:据说John将会有一份年工资超过60000美金的工作。表时间单位每年,用a。另,本句中的by the week是“按周”的意思。表示“以……为单位”时,要用定冠词the。如,Apples are sold by the kilogram.苹果是按公斤出售的。
5. 用于抽象名词前,常常表示“抽象名词具体化”
【高考链接】(2013 ·浙江卷,单选15,改编)People develop ______ preference for a particular style of learning at an early age and these preferences affect learning.
【解析】a。preference可以是抽象名词“偏好”,而在这里是抽象名词preference具体化,表示“一种偏好”。
(二)定冠词the的基本用法
1. 用于上文已提到的名词前
【高考链接】(2017 · 全国卷Ⅲ,短文改错)When I look at this picture of myself, ... Around me in picture are the things that/which were very important in my life at that time:car magazines and musical instruments.
【解析】in和picture之间加the或this。文章第一句话中已经提到了this picture,此处属于特指这张照片,因此需要加the。同时,this 可用于指上文已提到的事物,因此也可以加this。
2. 用于世界上独一无二的名词前
【高考链接】(2016 · 全国卷Ⅱ,短文改错)But in that case, we will learn little about world.
【解析】在world之前加the。the world即特指我们所生活的这个世界。
3. 用于形容词的最高级前
【高考链接】(2014 · 全国卷Ⅰ,语法填空,63)Now,years later,this river is one of _____ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.
【解析】the。句中one of the most...意为“最……之一”,most outstanding是形容词的最高级形式,故在most前加定冠词the。
4. 用于序数词前
【高考链接】(2017 ·全国卷Ⅰ,短文改错)I still remember how hard first day was.
【解析】在first day之前加the或my。考查限定词的用法,序数词前应加定冠词the,此处结合下文也可用形容词性物主代词my修饰first day。
5. 用于对两个人或事物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前
【经典考题】There are two rooms on the first floor,______ smaller of which is used as a guest room.
【解析】the。表示两者相比更……时,形容词比较级前要加定冠词the。
6. 用于句型结构:the +比较级...,the +比较级...【高考链接】(2015 · 陕西卷,单选14,改编)more learned a man is, more modest he usually becomes.
【解析】The; the。此句中的The more learned..., the more modest...意为“……越有学识越谦虚”。
7. 用于姓氏复数前,表示“一家人”或“夫妇二人”
【经典考题】—Could you tell me the way to ________Johnsons, please?
—Sorry, we don’t have a Johnson here in the village.
【解析】the。姓氏复数前加the表示一家人。句中a Johnson也是冠词用法,意为“一个叫……的人”。
8. t h e +形容词,表示一类人
【高考链接】(2014 · 天津卷,单选8,改编)Life is like an ocean: Only ____strong-willed can reach the other shore.
【解析】the。strong-willed是一个形容词,在形容词前面加上定冠词the表示“一类人”或者“一类事物”。the strong-willed指意志坚定的人。
9. 用于西洋乐器前
【经典句型】She has learnt to play the violin since she was five, and she is a famous violinist now.
(三)零冠词(不用冠词)的常见情况
1. 三餐、球类、棋类前
【经典考题】(单句改错)Secondly, we should take exercise by doing different kinds of sports, such as running,jumping and playing the basketball.
【解析】删去the。考查冠词,当表示玩某种球类时,不需要用定冠词the。
2. 星期、季节、月份前
【经典句型】① He is arriving here on Tuesday.
②When spring comes, days get longer and longer.
③The Chinese Spring Festival usually falls in January or February.
3. 学科、语言、节假日前
注意:以festival结尾的中国传统节日前要加the。
【经典考题】①(短文改错)So the first big problem is language. Many Czech people don’t speak English. So I have to learn the Czech.
【解析】删去第二个the。句意:因此最大的难题是语言。由于许多捷克人不讲英语,所以我必须学捷克语。语言前不加冠词,故去掉Czech前的the。
②(单句改错)The whole nation celebrates the National Day.
【解析】删去第二个the。节假日前不加冠词,故删去第二个the。
③(单句改错) My favorite subject is the math.
【解析】删去the。学科前不加冠词,故删去the。
4. b y +交通工具,交通工具前
【经典句型】More and more travelers prefer traveling by plane than by train.
5. 名词前有代词等限定词
【经典句型】Tony felt lonely when he came to the new school on his first day.
6. 相对名词或成对名词前
【经典句型】①Husband and wife were surprised at the news.
②The workers worked hard day and night to complete the task.
7. “单数名词+介词短语”的独立主格结构中的名词前
【经典句型】A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.( hand前不能加his)
【解析】当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。
8. as引导的倒装结构中,句首名词前
【经典句型】Boy as he is, he has traveled to many countries.
9. 固定搭配
【经典考题】(短文改错)...When arriving by bus,I caught the sight of many mountains by looking through the mist...
【解析】caught the sight of中定冠词the删去。catch sight of 意为“看到”,是固定搭配,不可随意加入冠词。英语中许多固定搭配是不用冠词的,必须准确记忆。
【高考链接】(2016 · 全国卷Ⅲ,短文改错)At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.
【解析】at the first中定冠词the删去。at first意为“最初”,是固定搭配。
其实,面对看似变化多端的冠词a, an, the,只要遵循其简单的“铁律”,把握应用能力提升的两个基本思想,学会分析语境,结合固定搭配,熟记其基本用法,不管怎么考,学生都不会再犯那些简单的错误了!
最后,一段“速记口诀”送给大家:
名词是秃子,常要戴帽子;
可数名词单,须用a或a n;
辅音前用a,a n在元音前。
若为特指时,则须用定冠;
复数不可数,泛指t h e不见;
碰到代词时,冠词不露面。
【牛刀小试】
单句改错(每个句子只有一处错误)
1. A little boy wrote a“n”on the wall.
2. Though he has failed three times, he will try the fourth time.
3. I was studying in the bedroom last night, all of the sudden, the light went out.
4. India attained the independence in 1947, after a long struggle.
5. Tony is arriving by a plane tonight, so let’s go to the airport to meet him.
语法填空
6. We should offer seats to ______ old on the bus.
7. You should take the medicine three times _______ day.
8. I can’t tell you _____ way to the Smiths, because we don’t have asmith here in the town.
9. New York is one of ______ liveliest cities in the world.
10. He can’t play ____ piano but he can play _____ chess.
答案:1. 第二个a改为an 2. the改为a 3. 第二个the 改为 a 4. 删去 the 5. 删去 a 6. the 7. a 8. the 9. the 10. the; /