二次开发教材文本 提升英语写作能力

黄美萍

（浙江省临海市城西中学，浙江台州 317000）

二次开发教材文本 提升英语写作能力

黄美萍

（浙江省临海市城西中学，浙江台州 317000）

《2017年浙江省初中毕业升学考试说明》（以下简称《说明》）命题要求指出命题应对应《英语课程标准》中提出的五级相关内容和要求，遵循《标准》要求，《说明》里的考试目标对书面表达做了相应要求。目前，初中生普遍惧怕甚至讨厌写作。本文就如何通过教材二次开发，有效提升英语写作能力展开论述。

二次开发；写作能力

引 言

英语学习过程中，只有大量的输入，才会有大量的输出，而这个输出又可分为口头输出和笔头输出。《说明》里的考试目标对写作做了如下要求：能正确使用大小写字母和标点符号；能根据要求收集、准备材料；能起草并修改简单的短文，描述任务或事件；能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系；能根据所给图示、表格等写出简单的段落或操作说明，并能表达自己的观点。

然而，目前初中生尤其是笔者所在的农村中学，学生的求知欲望、真实水平与中考要求相去甚远。本文以去年台州市中考英语试题书面表达为例，对如何利用教材的二次开发，有效提升英语写作能力展开论述。

去年中考卷书面表达内容为：暑假即将来临，学校要求同学们参加一些社会实践活动。请在下表中选择2～3项你喜欢的活动（也可自拟活动项目），然后用英语写一篇短文表明你的选择意向及理由，发表在学校微信公众平台的英语栏目中。

Social Practical Program(社会实践活动）______ learn to do housework _______ help in the city library

续表

一、要点全面化

本卷涉及至少5个点，分别是housework话题，主要表达独立能力培养的重要性；volunteer话题，可以谈论阅读的重要性，帮助他人的好处，对于将来工作的作用等；environment话题，可以讨论环境保护和责任意识培养；关爱话题，可以描述个人特长和关爱他人，让世界更有爱等内容。只有全面掌握知识要点，我们下笔时才能做到胸有成竹。

笔者认为教材文本内容是最好的写作范本，就以上某些话题，可以做如下引用或改编。

例1：learn to do housework.

I think it is important for children to learn how to do chores and help their parents with housework.…….It’s not enough to just get good grades at school.…….Doing chores helps to develop children’s independence and teaches them how to look after themselves. It also helps them to understand the idea of fairness.……The earlier kids learn to be independent, the better it is for their future. （八年级下册第22页）

例2：help in the library.

I am a book lover.……. you can see in their eyes that they’re going on a different journey with each new book. Volunteering here is a dream come true for me. I can do what I love to do and help others at the same time.（八年级下册第11页）

这些句型多样，我们可以进行必要的修改，成为自己的美句，如It’s+形容词for sb. to do sth., the+比较级……，the+最高级……。

二、内容充实化

所谓内容充实，即我们在描写的过程中，要使语句有血有肉，有因有果，让读者觉得有内容可读，读起来有滋有味。

例 1：clean up the city park.

我们可以这样写，教材中出现过这种句子。

（I think we can do simple things like ）remembering to throw rubbish in the bins and keep public places clean and beautiful for everyone. If we do these together, our actions can make a difference and lead to a better future.（九年级第98页）。

例 2：visit sick kids in hospital .

我们可以这样模仿：

I love kids because I can get on well with them. I am patient enough to look after them and cheer them up. I can get a strong feeling of satisfaction when I see kids get better and the joy on their parents’ faces.

三、用词贴切化

用词贴切更容易让读者理解和领会语句，英语中的用词贴切与否主要表现在动词和形容词的应用。比如写我最喜爱的老师：She told me to work hard. She told me not to give up and she told me the ways to improve my English.我们可以把这几个句子改成：She told me to work hard. She encouraged ……she taught me ……显然后面的句子用词比原句更贴切高级，用词的多样化使句子变得更生动有趣，所以平时我们要鼓励学生词汇多积累。

四、句型多样化

句型变化多样且有效是判断一篇文章好差的主要标准之一，多样的句型能够给读者耳目一新的感觉。以表原因句型为例，我们不能总用because，表原因的连词或短语还有The main reason/One of the main reasons is that/On the one hand, on the other hand等。我们的新目标教材知识点层层深入，精彩范例处处可寻，比如：

例1：The main reason was to protect their part of the country. As you can see, it is quite tall and wide.（八年级下册第50页）

例2：For many tourists, his small island in Southeast Asia is a wonderful place to take a holiday. The main reason is that more than three quarters of the population are Chinese, so you can speak Pu-tonghua all the time. Another reason is that Singapore is an English-speaking country, so it is also a good place to practice your English.（八年级下册第70页）

例3：过去我学英语有困难，可以用学过的以下多种句型。

I used to have problems learning English./Learning English used to be hard for me.

It used to be hard for me to learn English./I used to find it hard for me to learn English.

五、语法标准化

新版新目标的特点之一就是语法不够系统，重点不够突出，导致很大一部分教师产生这套教材不强调语法，语法不重要的错误认识。《中考考试说明评分标准》明确指出满分作文必须做到完全没有语法错误。语法学习的重要性可想而知。

该卷文章写暑期计划，可以确定应该用一般将来时或表达意愿的句子进行描写，通常表达方法有be going to do,will do, be about to do等。通观五本教材，要表达暑期计划，可以用以下句子来表达：

例1：原句I am going to keep on writing stories so that I can make my dream come true.八年级上册第42页改编成：I am going to keep on practicing speaking Chinese so that I can teach foreigners Chinese.

例2：原句I want to learn more about how to care for animals. I get such a strong feeling of satisfaction when I see the animals get better and the look of joy on their owners’ faces.八年级下册第11页改编成：I want to visit kids in hospital. I get such a strong feeling of satisfaction when I see the kids get better and the look of joy on their parents’ faces.

六、结构连贯化

文章有再多的材料，如果没有进行合理的组织连贯，读者会不知所云。日本作家小林多喜二说：“不管你的材料有多优良，不管你的目的有多高尚，如果盖得不好，摇摇晃晃的结果是毫无用处的。”结构连贯的文章让读者读起来比较顺心，不觉得突兀。结构可根据需要分为总分（总）结构、并列结构、对照结构和递进结构。

总分（总）结构：Everyone is born with the ability to learn. But whether or not you can do this well depends on your learning habits. 接下来四段分别介绍了4个学习习惯，最后总结Learning is a lifelong journey.…….so learn wisely and learn well.（九年级第6页）

并列结构：九年级第6页4个习惯就采取了并列结构。

对照结构：东西方家庭教育差异对比 Should teenagers be asked to move out when they start working? In many Western countries, teenagers are allowed to move out at eighteen. Their parents believe that…….However, in most Asian societies, it is not common for teenagers to move out. Chinese parents believe that …… . But the young should then look after their parents as they got older. That is why many Chinese adults continue to live with their parents.

递进结构：If you have a good team, you should support each other. Besides, winning or losing is only half the game. The other half is…….To his surprise and relief, his teammates all nodded in agreement.（九年级第86页）

七、书写规范化

本文所说的书写规范包括字体工整，卷面整洁，布局合理和标点准确。书写字体优美工整、卷面整洁会给阅卷者一种赏心悦目的感觉，会给阅卷者一个好的印象。现在都采取网上阅卷，若字迹太大太小太潦草等都会让自己的作文评分直接降档。在此，笔者就标点应用的准确性做特别强调，例：She is kind, she likes looking after homeless animals.Such as dogs and cats.应改为She is kind and she likes looking after homeless animals, such as dogs and cats.

八、行文优美化

一篇好的文章，它一定有其独特之处，包括好词好句、立意新颖、构思巧妙等。如何使一篇英语文章加分，可以从以下方面着手。

1.多用高级词汇

比 如She is good.可 以 把good用excellent，wonderful，outstanding等更为具体高级的形容词替换。

2.多用描述语言

比如你写一个人She smiles a lot.可以尝试用以下句子She always wears a bright/big/…… smile on her face.或A bright smile always spreads across her face. 或She is a teacher who always wears a smile on her face. 这样的句子显得更为直观生动。

3.少用简单句型

正如中文作文，一篇到底平淡如水，毫无可读性，适当运用恰感叹句，倒装句或复合句，会给整篇文章增色不少。如：把I felt happy.改为How happy I felt! 或You can never imagine how happy I felt! 把I think to work hard is important. 改为I realized how important it was to work hard at school! 或Not until then did I realize the importance of hard work.

结 语

纵观历届中考试题，我们发现如今的中考试题更倾向于考察学生的语言运用能力，这势必要求学生要有扎实的语言基础和灵活的驾驭语言能力。最近几年各地中考书面表达都偏向于热门话题或对当今典型事例的看法，这大大提高了学生语言应用能力要求。我们要对各种题型应付自如，势必要做到立足于教材，又要高于教材。作为教师，我们要树立“教材开发”意识，我们用教材教，更要引导学生用教材学。教师要善于对教材文本进行整合优化，真正做到二次开发再利用。

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黄美萍，1980年生，浙江临海人，城西中学英语教研组长，中学一级，路桥区优秀教师，临海市骨干班主任，临海市十佳少先队辅导员，路桥区教学大比武二等奖，教研区优质课一等奖，校优秀班主任。