全国卷阅读理解命题策略揭秘
——以2017年全国卷I第二篇阅读理解为例
2017-12-26河南马国民
河南 马国民
全国卷阅读理解命题策略揭秘
——以2017年全国卷I第二篇阅读理解为例
河南 马国民
近年来,全国卷阅读理解的命题已经趋于稳定,深入挖掘其中的命题规律,既有助于高三师生高效备考,也有助于部分老师科学命制各种考试的阅读理解试题。
一、剖析真题典例
下面我们分析一下2017年全国卷I的B篇阅读理解的命制情况,进一步探索其中的命制规律。
该篇短文属于一篇记叙文,选自《华盛顿新闻报》的官方网站2015年4月22日的一篇文章(文章来源链接:http://www.newsday.com/opinion/oped/a-baby-owl-teachesan-earth-day-lesson-1.10310378)。命题人在使用原文时,删除了其中的图片和标题,并进一步进行了修改,情况如下:
A baby owl teaches an Earth Day lesson(删除)
An owl chick in Muttontown rests in a makeshift nest placed in a tree this past weekend by Jim Jones of Volunteers for Wildlife.The fuzzy object at the rear is a squirrel carcass evidently placed by the owl’s parents.Photo Credit: Jim Jones(删除该段)
I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue,rehabilitation(删除)and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley.Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain.However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.
I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown.She had found a young great horned(删除)owl(给出了young owl的词义)on the ground.When I arrived, I saw a 2- to 3-weekold owl.It has(修改为had)already been placed in a carrier for safety.(该段与上一段进行了合并)
Owl chicks are often found on the ground after their first flight attempts fail.They’re not strong enough.In more natural settings, a chick would remain earthbound, quiet and inconspicuous, while still being fed and protected by its parents.Eventually, chicks climb or fly to a safer, more elevated perches.However, on Long Island there are cats, dogs,cars and other ground-based terrors, so rescuers need options.(删除该段)
I examined the chick(给出了词义)and it seemed fine.If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back,but no luck.My next option was to construct a makeshift(删除)nest, anchor it in a tree and deposit the chick out of harm’s way.(删除)
The homeowner was very helpful.A wire basket was found, along with a long ladder and plenty of rope.(删除)I wove(修改为put)some pine branches into the wire(修改为basket) to make this nest safe and comfortable.I selected a tree with a good spot about 15 feet high, and lashed the nest in.(删除)I then grabbed the chick, wide-eyed and beak clacking,and(删 除)placed it(修 改 为 the chick)in the nest.It quickly calmed down.(该句之前使用and和上句话合并)
Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent.I hoped that they were nearby, possibly well concealed.(删除)I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screeches of owl chicks.These advertise the presence of chicks to adults;they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well.I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.
A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings and to her own owl hoots.(删除)I drove over and climbed a ladder.I(删除,两句话合并)saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active.And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH! It was a partially eaten squirrel,evidence that the elders were tending to the chick.(删除)
The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.Some rescues are better than others, and Earth Day is best enjoyed by helping one creature at a time.(删除画线部分之后,与上一段合并)
命题人在改编所选文章时,主要以删减为主,修改与合并为辅。改编之前的原材料共有9个自然段,507词。命题人在删减修改文章时,删除了第一段和第四段,合并了第二段和第三段,合并了倒数第二段和最后一段,同时还删除了一部分单词和句子,对个别单词进行了修改,对两处非考纲词汇给出了汉语词义,最后文章为6个自然段,287词。
下面我们看一下设题情况:
24.What is unavoidable in the author’s rescue work according to Paragraph 1?
A.Efforts made in vain.
B.Getting injured in his work.
C.Feeling uncertain about his future.
D.Creatures forced out of their homes.
25.Why was the author called to Muttontown?
A.To rescue a woman.
B.To take care of a woman.
C.To look at a baby owl.
D.To cure a young owl.
26.What made the chick calm down?
A.A new nest. B.Some food.
C.A recording. D.Its parents.
27.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event?
A.It’s unexpected. B.It’s beautiful.
C.It’s humorous. D.It’s discouraging.
该篇阅读理解在文后共设有4个小题,在短文第二段和第五段未设题,题干和选项均没有出现非考纲词汇,考查的考点涉及细节理解能力和推理判断能力,四个选项或其中两个选项的长度接近,且选项简洁精练,前三个小题的选项均是短语,只有最后一个小题的选项是简单句。
二、揭秘命题策略
(一)命题流程
1.确定阅读选材方向。在这一阶段,需要明确选择什么体裁的文章,如应用文、新闻报道、记叙文、说明文还是议论文,有时候还需要考虑涉及的话题。
2.浏览英语网站、书刊。在明确所选文章的体裁之后,可以开始浏览英文网站、英文书籍和报纸杂志等,细致搜寻可用于改编阅读理解的文章。
3.科学选定合适素材。在素材的选择上,注意内容健康、积极向上,贴近社会实际,符合学生当时的认知水平,坚决杜绝敏感性话题和负面内容。
4.删减修改备用素材。在对原材料进行改编时,需要结合好使用的年级和学期课程进度情况,最终使文章长度和难度科学合理,内容上下连贯,逻辑严密。
5.精心设计题干选项。在设计题干和选项时,需要结合好小题的数量、考点的比例及在文中的分布等,做到题干和选项本身没有语法、标点等方面的错误。
6.仔细复查修订完善。在设题完成之后,还需要对整个文章和各个小题进行研读修订,在条件允许的情况下,可以找一部分学生先试做一下,这样更有利于修订完善。
(二)注意事项
1.文章方面
(1)选取的文章不一定要求是最新的,比如说2017年全国卷I的B篇短文是选自网站两年前的文章,这样做的目的是避免素材撞车,但是不要选用过期的时效性过强的文章。
(2)在选取原材料时,建议文章的长度最好在300词至600词之间,因为文章太短或者太长都不利于后期的改编。
(3)选好素材之后,还需要仔细搜查核对,看看该材料是否已被用于命制试题(有的命题已明确要求这类素材不可再作为命题材料)。
(4)在改编原材料时,不得改变文意,生词量需要控制在合理的范围之内,必要时,有的生词需要给出汉语词义,但是给出词义的单词不宜过多。
(5)在删除部分段落、句子或单词时,在保证主旨大意不变的情况下,注意上下文内容的连贯性和流畅性,注意句子与句子之间的衔接性。
(6)改编之后的文章词数控制在180~340词,而且在240~300词为宜,如果是套题,4篇阅读材料的总词数不少于900词。
(7)如果文章用于套题,需要考虑到话题的多样化,例如日常生活、科普知识、人物传记、史地知识等,并且文中尽可能渗透对学生情感、态度和价值观方面的教育。
(8)在文章改编结束之后,还需要通篇阅读,仔细查找文中是否有逻辑、语法、拼写、标点等方面的错误,查找是否有影响学生阅读的生词。
2.题干和选项
(1)在设置题干时,应该以what,which,when,why,where等引导的特殊疑问句为主(在2017年全国卷I的15个小题中,占14个小题),以填空补足的陈述句为辅。
(2)如果是用于套题,注意考点的科学分布,可设置细节理解题(5~10小题)、推理判断题(3~7小题)、词义猜测题(1小题)、主旨大意题(1小题)、标题概括题(1小题)、指代判断题、写作意图题、段落大意题等。
(3)文中设题的密度需要合理分配,不可在某个段落集中设题,题干和选项的设计应符合高考命题规律,一般不设置含有true/ false/ but/ except等词的题干,而且不设置排序题。
(4)选项不宜太长,以短语为主(在2017年全国卷I的15个小题中,有11个小题的选项是短语),句子为辅,且长度均衡,避免出现差别较大的情况。
(5)题干和选项涉及的词汇均应是学生学过的,而且以常用词为主,不得出现生词或给出词义的生词现象。
(6)在标点符号方面,一般来说,除了标题概括题和填空补足的试题以外,各个小题的选项均需要有标点符号(句号为主)。
(7)几个小题的选项设计科学严密,不可出现选项重复或相似现象,且不得出现答案相互包容或相互暗示的情况。
(8)在所设计的四个选项中,注意专有名词、书名、电影名、标题等某些词汇的首字母大写问题。
(9)试题具有一定的信度和效度,各个干扰项应具有一定的干扰性,不得设置不看文章就能知道正确答案的无效试题。