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冠词复习点拨

2017-12-07吴静

高中生学习·高二版 2017年10期
关键词:限定词定冠词特指

吴静

冠词分为定冠词和不定冠词,是历年高考的必考點,常出现在语篇型语法填空和短文改错中,也是我们高考复习的一大重点。

[不定冠词的用法]

1. 不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a用在以辅音音素开头的名词前,an用在以元音音素开头的词前。如:

In a university, a European and a one-eyed man walked along a one-way road with a useful tool. This is a usual thing.

An hour ago,an honest man accepted an unusual gift and went to finish an honorable task.

2. 不定冠词a/an用在单数可数名词前表示泛指,泛指某一人或某一物。如:

The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development.

3. 表示某种身份、职业、地位、国籍。如:

When the Ashleys tried to make her return, Mumbet consulted a lawyer, Theodore Sedgewick.

4. 用在人名或时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或某个时间;用在人名前还可表示与某人有类似性质的人。如:

—Excuse me,is there a Mr. Tailor living in the neighborhood?There is a parcel for him.

—Sorry,but there is no such person here.

5. 不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序,而表示“再一,又一”。如:

She didnt like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.

6. 表示单位时间内的频度,含有“每”的概念。如:

The medicine is to be taken three times a day.

7. 具有动作意义的名词在与have,take,make等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时,前面要加不定冠词。如:

take a look 看一看

have a try 试一试

You had better go to the factory and have a look.

8. 不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如:

a waste of 浪费……

all of a sudden 突然地

as a rule 通常

9. 不定冠词的用法口诀

泛指单数和首提,某个/每个/又一个;

物质名词具体化,相同还是抽象词;

三餐四季有修饰,感叹句中有名单。

注释:

泛指的单数可数名词前和首次提到的单数可数名词前;

表示又一个,某一个(a second,a certain ...);

具体化的物质名词和抽象名词前(a success,a surprise ...);

有修饰词的三餐和四季前(a wonderful supper ...);

感叹句中有单数可数名词(What a lovely girl!...) 。

10. 有些单词以元音字母开头,但读音却以辅音开头,这些单词前要用不定冠词a;相反,有些以辅音字母开头、读音却以元音开头的单词前要用不定冠词an。如:a useful book,an hour,an honest child等。

例1 (2017·全国卷Ⅲ) But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting(rest). Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as 62 model in New York.

解析 a。考查冠词。model是可数名词,前面没有限定词,而此处泛指“一个”,故填a。

[定冠词的用法]

1. 用在名词前表示特指。如:

—Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?

—Yes,as you know,the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere.

2. 用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物之前。如:

Do you know who invented the telephone?

3. 用在序数词、比较级(两者相比较,表示特指的时候)和最高级前。如:

Do you know which story is the more interesting of the two?

4. 用于集合名词、物质名词和某些专有名词前。如:

Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.endprint

5. 定冠词the和形容词、过去分词连用,表示一类人或事物。如:

Many of the injured are still in danger.

6. 用在表示计量的名词前如by the hour,by the dozen等,但若名词为抽象名词则不加冠词如by weight,by height等。如:

—Its said John will be in a job paying over $ 60,000 a year.

—Right,he will also get paid by the week.

7. 定冠词the用在表示姓氏的复数名词前,表示全家人或夫妻俩。如:

The Whites settled down in Canada last year.

8. 用在方位名词和西洋乐器名词前。如:

the east 东部

play the piano 弹钢琴

9. 定冠词的用法口诀:

特指双知上文提,独一无二普遍专;

方位顺序最高级,赛项乐器影剧院;

姓氏复数一家人,形容词前可数单;

群岛河山江湖海,沙漠海峡和海湾。

阶级党派国全名,组织团体与机关。

连续应用比较级,朝代年代按天算。

例2 (2017·全国卷Ⅲ) Around me in picture are the things which were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.

解析 picture前加the或this。考查限定词的用法。单数可数名词前应该有限定词,根据句意可知在picture前加the或者this。

[零冠词和冠词使用情况对比]

1.“by+表示交通工具的名词”结构中,名词前一般不加冠词;但是如果该名词前有定语,介词就不能用by,名词前也要用限定词。如:

He went to Beijing by train.

I came here on my old bike.

2. and连接的两个名词指同一个人或事物时,后面一个名词前不用任何冠词;但如果分别指不同的人或事物,则两个名词前要分别加冠词。如:

The teacher and writer has come to the meeting.

The teacher and the writer have come to the meeting.

3. 在表示季节、月份、日期、星期等的名词前通常不用任何冠词;但是如果该类名词前有修饰语时,要用不定冠词。如:

Spring is the best season of the year.

The spring of 2008 was a terrible spring.

4. school,hospital,church等词表示建筑物的用途时,常不用任何冠词;但是当这些词表示场所时要加冠词。如:

He is very ill and has to go to hospital.

I am going to the hospital to visit a sick friend.

5. 在以festival组成的节日前通常用定冠词;但是如果是以day组成的节日,其前通常不加任何冠词。如:

Every person in China enjoys themselves in the Spring Festival.

Christmas Day is approaching.

6. 语言类名词前通常不用任何冠词,但是如果该种语言与language连用时,则其前要用定冠词。如:

He speaks Chinese fluently.

=He speaks the Chinese language fluently.

7. 形容词的最高级表示与自身比较时,其前一般不用任何冠词;但如果是在三者或多者之间比较,则the不能省略。如:

He feels happiest when hes working for others.

The best student in my class is the shortest boy with the shortest hair.

8. 表示独一无二的职位、头衔、称呼的名词作表语、同位语或补语时,其前一般不用任何冠词,但是如果这样的名词在句中作主语,则前面须加the。如:

Mr. Smith is head of the company.

The head of the company is Mr. Smith.

9. 抽象名词表示一般概念时,其前不用冠词;但是如果表示具体的人或物,需要用不定冠词。如:

Failure is the mother of success.

The sports meeting was a great success.

10. 物質名词表示一般概念时,其前不用任何冠词;但如果表示特指或该物质名词表示具体事物,则其前用冠词。如:

We dont have much rain here, but last night we had a heavy rain.

例3 I am not fond of music very much, but I do like music they are dancing to.

A. /;/ B. the;the

C. the;/ D. /;the

解析 D。句意:我不太喜欢音乐,但是我的确很喜欢他们伴舞的音乐。第一空后的music表示泛指,是不可数名词,不需要加冠词。第二空后的music后面有定语从句they are dancing to修饰,特指他们伴舞的音乐,故用定冠词the修饰。endprint

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