中国秸秆养分资源及还田的时空分布特征
2017-11-20刘晓永李书田
刘晓永,李书田,2
中国秸秆养分资源及还田的时空分布特征
刘晓永1,李书田1,2※
(1. 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京 100081;2. 国际植物营养研究所(IPNI)北京办事处,北京 100081)
中国农作物秸秆资源丰富,但不同地区秸秆及其养分资源数量、还田利用状况以及随时间的变化特征仍不清楚。该研究基于官方统计数据和文献资料,分析了中国不同年代各省秸秆资源和氮磷钾养分资源量及其还田利用状况,为秸秆养分资源的合理利用和化肥零增长下作物养分管理提供科学依据和参考。结果表明:从1980s到2010s,中国秸秆及其养分资源总量分别增长了85.5%和104%,西北地区以及西藏、黑龙江增幅明显。华北、长江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龙江地区的秸秆及其养分资源占全国的2/3以上。到2010s秸秆资源和氮磷钾养分资源分别达到9.01×108和2 485.63×104t,相当于单位耕地面积上6 665.52和183.91 kg/hm2,比1980s分别增加1 601.18和56.85 kg/hm2。各种作物秸秆及其养分资源所占比例各地区差异较大,2010s谷类作物秸秆及其养分资源分别占全国的69.86%和56.47%,东北地区谷类作物秸秆比例最高;果蔬类作物秸秆及其养分资源分别占9.67%和21.99%,东南地区果蔬类作物秸秆比例最高;豆类、薯类、油料类、棉麻纤维类和其他类作物秸秆及其养分资源占比相对较小。从1980s到2010s,秸秆直接还田量持续增加,燃烧还田量从1980s到2000s增加,2010s则下降。然而,秸秆养分还田量持续增加,氮磷钾还田总量从1980s的583.92×104t(N 97.81×104t、P2O540.10×104t和K2O 446.01×104t)增加到2010s的1 770.66×104t(N 574.53×104t、P2O5105.53×104t和K2O 1 090.60×104t),相当于单位耕地面积从60.89 kg/hm2(N 10.20 kg/hm2、P2O54.18 kg/hm2、K2O 46.51 kg/hm2)增加到131.02 kg/hm2(N 42.51 kg/hm2、P2O57.81 kg/hm2、K2O 80.70 kg/hm2)。1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s秸秆氮磷钾养分还田率分别为47.92%、56.16%、60.11%和71.24%。内蒙古、新疆、黑龙江省秸秆养分还田率增加明显,但华北、长江中下游和四川盆地秸秆养分还田量占全国秸秆养分还田总量的2/3以上。
秸秆;作物;养分;秸秆还田;时空分布
0 引 言
农作物秸秆作为农业生产经营的副产品,产量高、分布广、品种丰富,一直是中国农村地区和农业生产的宝贵资源[1],是关系农业发展的重要有机质资源。秸秆蕴藏着大量的氮、磷、钾、中微量元素和有机物质等,是重要的有机肥资源[2-4]。秸秆还田,在土壤微生物作用下发生腐解,向土壤释放有机质和矿质养分[5-9],增加土壤养分,提高农田养分的利用效率,提高土壤质量[10-14],改善土壤水、肥、气、热[15-18],达到增加作物产量等诸多作用[19-23],同时减少焚烧、丢弃秸秆出现的资源浪费和环境污染等问题[15,23],以及部分解决农业生态系统中氮肥引发的污染问题[24]。然而,长期以来,中国农作物秸秆并没有得到充分合理的利用,且随着农业生产和农村能源事业的不断发展,秸秆资源剩余量逐渐增加,大量秸秆被丢弃、焚烧,不仅浪费资源,还污染环境[25-28]、引起土壤结构恶化和温室气体排放增加等问题[29-32]。
秸秆资源“用则利,不用则废”[33-34],农作物秸秆资源量转化利用问题,已成为学术界的研究热点。纵观中国农作物秸秆资源研究文献,其研究热点主要集中在:秸秆资源数量、秸秆资源利用现状、秸秆综合利用技术路径及其经济效益、环境效益和社会效益,以及监测秸秆焚烧排放物等方面。但是,秸秆及其养分资源总量、种类和分布特征不清晰,其利用现状不明确,不利于国家秸秆资源政策的制定和实施。从国家尺度上,对各地区秸秆及养分资源总量及有效还田的时空分布状况的研究鲜有报道。为此,本文利用官方统计数据和大量的文献资料,系统估算、分析了中国农业发展不同阶段秸秆资源量、养分供应潜力及有效利用的时空变化特征及存在问题,为合理利用秸秆养分资源,实现“减施化肥”和“2020年化肥零增长目标”提供科学依据和参考,更为决策者制定秸秆资源综合利用政策和措施提供依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 估算方法
本研究参照中国粮食主产区划分如下区域[4]。1)东北地区:黑龙江、吉林和辽宁;2)华北地区:北京、天津、河北、河南、山东、山西;3)长江中下游地区:上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、湖北、湖南、江西;4)西北地区:内蒙古、陕西、宁夏、甘肃、青海、新疆;5)西南地区:重庆、四川、贵州、云南、西藏;6)东南地区:福建、广东、广西、海南。本研究未包括香港、澳门、台湾的数据。
估算秸秆资源量,需正确定义秸秆。秸秆有广义和狭义之分,狭义的秸秆指田间秸秆,即收获农作物主要农产品之后的田间剩余副产品,而广义的秸秆不仅包括田间秸秆,还包括农产品初加工过程中产生的副产品[1]。本研究讨论狭义秸秆资源量,可采用草谷比法、农作物副产品比重法和农作物经济系数法进行估算[35]。本文采用国际上通用的草谷比[36-37]方法来估算中国秸秆资源量、氮磷钾养分量及其还田资源量,其计算公式如下
秸秆及其养分资源量
其中TS为秸秆理论资源量(风干基),TN、TP、TK分别为秸秆氮、磷、钾资源量;为第种作物,为作物经济产量,为作物草谷比,、、分别为秸秆N、P2O5、K2O含量,AS为单位耕地面积秸秆理论资源量(风干基),AN、AP、AK分别为单位耕地面积秸秆氮、磷、钾资源量,为耕地面积,下同。
秸秆直接还田
其中为秸秆直接还田量(风干基),、、分别为秸秆氮、磷、钾直接还田量;为秸秆直接还 田率;
秸秆燃烧还田
其中为秸秆燃烧还田量(风干基),、、分别为秸秆氮、磷、钾燃烧还田量;为秸秆燃烧还田率;、、分别为秸秆燃烧后氮、磷、钾养分归 还率。
秸秆养分还田总量
其中、、分别为秸秆氮、磷、钾养分还田总量、直接还田量和燃烧还田量,为单位耕地面积秸秆氮、磷、钾养分还田总量。
1.2 数据及其来源
1.2.1 统计数据
作物产量和耕地面积数据来自《中国统计年鉴》[38](1981—2016)和《中国农业统计年鉴》[39](1981—2016)。由于作物种类和种植面积年际间变化的影响,本研究分别以1980—1989、1990—1999、2000—2009和2010—2015的均值表示1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s数据。
农作物产量包括谷类(水稻、小麦、玉米、大麦和其他谷类)、油料(绿豆、红小豆、大豆和其他豆类)、棉麻类(棉花,黄红麻、亚麻、大麻和苎麻)、糖料(甘蔗和甜菜)、烟叶、蔬菜和瓜类(西瓜、甜瓜和其他瓜类),以及水果(香蕉、菠萝)的经济产量。
1980s和1990s重庆的数据包含在四川省内。1980s和1990s统计数据未包含瓜类、香蕉和菠萝。
1.2.2 参数设定
秸秆及其养分资源量不仅取决于各类农作物产量,还与作物品种和气候因素相关,从而影响草谷比,这也是不同文献之间测算结果差异较大的原因。选取有代表性的农作物草/谷比是准确测算秸秆资源量的关键。本研究通过收集、整理和分析大量的文献资料、书籍或研究报告等,分地区计算各种作物草谷比的加权平均值作为该地区一定的气候和作物品种下各种作物的草谷比(表1)。
在中国作物产量统计数据中,籽粒产量均为风干质量。薯类作物是折粮质量,即1964年以后按每5 kg鲜薯折1 kg粮食计算,因此其产量也相当于风干质量。花生产量为带壳的花生果风干质量,甘蔗、甜菜、蔬菜和香蕉等作物产量则是鲜质量[1]。在估算甘蔗、甜菜、蔬菜和香蕉、菠萝作物秸秆资源量时,其草谷比采用风干秸秆(茎叶)除以其鲜经济产量求得。在计算棉花秸秆时,由于国家统计数据中棉花产量是皮棉产量,需要进行皮棉和籽棉之间的衣分换算。随着棉花新品种的选育更新,棉花衣分从过去的1980s到现在总的来说应是不断上升,从1980s到2010s棉花衣分率范围为29.71%~47.30%[40-44],因此,需要分年代考虑棉花衣分问题,将棉花籽棉草谷比参数换算为皮棉的草谷比。1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s棉花的衣分率分别取值为38.85%、39.82%、39.75%、41.99%。
在估算秸秆养分资源量时需要考虑秸秆养分含量,其受作物类型、区域生态特点以及施肥习惯等多种因素的影响[45],因此,本研究在参考2000年中国农业技术推广服务中心出版的《中国有机肥料养分志》[3]和《中国有机肥料资源》[46]的基础上,增加其他文献的秸秆养分含量结果,用加权均值确定各种作物的秸秆养分含量(表2)。
表1 不同地区各种作物的草谷比
注:菠萝、香蕉为风干茎叶与鲜果比,其他作物草谷比用风干基计算。括号内数字为参考文献数目,此部分主要参考文献见[47-58],下同。
Note: The straw to grain ratio for pineapple and banana was air-dried straw to fresh fruit. Data for other crops was calculated based on air-dried base. Data in parenthesis indicate the number of references and some main references used here were [47-58]. The same below.
表2 不同作物秸秆氮磷钾养分含量
注:此部分主要参考文献见[3-4, 46, 53, 58-64]。
Note: Some main references used here were [3-4, 46, 53, 58-64].
农作物秸秆还田包括直接还田和间接还田,秸秆还田估算中的秸秆还田率,通过查阅搜集、整理大量文献资料中秸秆直接还田率和燃烧还田率,用加权均值表示各年代不同地区主要作物的直接还田率(表3、表4、表5、表6)和燃烧还田率(表7、表8、表9、表10)。由于秸秆堆沤还田率较低,将其包含在秸秆直接还田部分。燃烧还田包括家庭生活能源和田间地头焚烧,为了便于计算,将其合并为燃烧还田部分。秸秆养分还田时,直接还田的秸秆养分按100%还田计,而燃烧还田秸秆氮、磷、钾养分还田率则分别按0、82.5%、82.5%(表11)计。过腹还田与畜禽粪便分不开,在估算畜禽粪肥时考虑,为避免在计算有机肥资源量时重复计算,本研究不考虑秸秆过腹还田部分。
表3 1980s各地区主要作物秸秆直接还田率
注:未分类作物秸秆还田率按其他作物秸秆还田率计,下同。此部分主要参考文献见[65-74]。
Note: The ratio of unspecified crop straw returning was calculated as other crop straw returning, the same below. Some main references used here were [65-74].
表4 1990s各地区主要作物秸秆直接还田率
注:此部分主要参考文献见[30, 69, 75-82]。
Note: Some main references used here were [30, 69, 75-82].
表5 2000s各地区主要作物秸秆直接还田率
注:此部分主要参考文献见[53, 70, 83-91]。
Note: Some main references used here were [53, 70, 83-91].
表6 2010s各地区主要作物秸秆直接还田率
注:此部分主要参考文献见[70, 92-101]。
Note: Some main references used here were [70, 92-101].
表7 1980s各地区主要作物秸秆燃烧还田率
注:此部分主要参考文献见[66, 102-110]。
Note: Some main references used here were [66, 102-110].
表8 1990s各地区主要作物秸秆燃烧还田率
注:此部分主要参考文献见[30, 78, 82, 111-117]。
Note: Some main references used here were [30, 78, 82, 111-117].
表9 2000s各地区主要作物秸秆燃烧还田率
注:此部分主要参考文献见[82, 86, 90, 118-124]。
Note: Some main references used here were [82, 86, 90, 118-124].
表10 2010s各地区主要作物秸秆燃烧还田率
注:此部分主要参考文献见[50, 70, 100, 101, 125-130]。
Note: Some main references used here were [50, 70, 100, 101, 125-130].
表11 秸秆燃烧后的养分还田率
注:此部分考文献为[85, 131-132]。
Note: References used here were [85, 131-132].
1.3 数据处理
用Microsoft Excel计算,利用Arcgis10.2.1软件绘图。
2 结果与分析
2.1 秸秆及其养分资源时空分布
2.1.1 秸秆资源
通过计算得到1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s全国秸秆资源量分别为4.85×108、6.55×108、7.36×108、9.01×108t,30多年来秸秆资源总量增长了85.77%。其中,新疆、内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃等西北地区以及西藏、黑龙江增幅较为明显,西北地区从1980s的3.48×107t增加到2010s的12.02×107t,增长了245.40%,而北京、上海、浙江几乎没有明显增长。秸秆资源主要分布华北、长江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龙江地区,这些地区的秸秆资源量占全国秸秆资源总量的66.60%~72.92%。其中,山东、河南秸秆资源量最大,占全国秸秆资源总量的17.31%~19.96%。
按单位耕地面积计算,1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s全国单位耕地面积秸秆资源量分别为5 064.34、6 870.05、5 723.27、6 665.52 kg/hm2。长江中下游地区单位耕地面积秸秆资源最丰富,为7 924.81~9 275.71 kg/hm2,其次是东南和华北地区,分别为6 737.65~8 034.11和 5 098.05~9 184.71 kg/hm2,西北地区最少为2 127.54~ 4 695.10 kg/hm2。而从1980s到2010s的变化来看,2010s比1980s增加了1 601.18 kg/hm2,其中西北地区增幅最大,增长1倍以上,其中新疆增幅达到2倍以上,内蒙古和宁夏增幅约是1.50倍,其次是华北地区的增幅较大,而长江中下游增幅不明显(图1)。
图1 单位耕地面积秸秆资源量时空分布
通过分析2010s不同作物秸秆资源比例(表12),谷类作物秸秆资源占69.86%,其次是果蔬类作物秸秆占9.67%,豆类、薯类、油料类、棉麻纤维类和其他类作物秸秆资源分别占2.84%、2.36%、7.53%、4.40%、3.34%。不同区域各种作物秸秆资源占比有一定差异,谷类作物占比最大为东北地区,约占该地区秸秆资源总量的85.23%,其中吉林最高,达到89.26%;其次是华北地区、长江中下游地区,西北、西南和东南地区谷类作物占比相对较低,东南地区最低为45.97%。豆类作物秸秆资源占比最多的是东北地区为6.16%,其次是西南地区为4.63%、西北地区为3.38%,最小的是华北地区,仅有1.14%。薯类作物秸秆资源所占比例最大的是西南地区,其次是东南、西北地区,华北、长江中下游和东北地区相对较低。油料作物秸秆资源占比较大是长江中下游、西南地区,棉麻纤维作物秸秆资源占比最大的是西北地区,果蔬作物和其他类作物秸秆资源占比最大的是东南地区。
表12 2010s各地区主要作物秸秆资源量占本地区秸秆资源总量的比例
2.1.2 秸秆养分资源
通过估算,1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s全国秸秆N、P2O5、K2O养分总量分别为1 218.47×104、1 689.22×104、2 035.52×104、2 485.63×104t,30多年来秸秆资源总量增长了104%。新疆、内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃等西北地区以及西藏、黑龙江增长幅度较为明显,西北地区从1980s的80.27×104t增加到2010s的323.09×104t,增长了3倍以上,而北京、上海、浙江几乎没有明显增长(图2)。1980s秸秆N、P2O5、K2O养分分别为420.60×104、66.21×104、731.68×104t,其总量是1980s化肥消费均量1 772.16×104t的68.76%;1990s秸秆N、P2O5、K2O养分分别为605.43×104、91.64×104、992.15×104t,其总量是1990s化肥消费均量 3 440.60×104t的49.10%;2000s秸秆N、P2O5、K2O养分分别为767.31×104、112.63×104、1 155.58×104t,其总量是2000s化肥消费均量4 723.29×104t的43.10%;2010s秸秆N、P2O5、K2O养分分别增加到947.04×104、136.54× 104、1 402.05×104t,其总量是2010s化肥消费均量 5 839.20×104t的42.57%。可见,秸秆养分占化肥消费量的比例是逐渐下降的,主要原因是化肥消费量的增长较快。与秸秆资源量相似,秸秆养分主要分布在粮食主产区,如华北、长江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龙江省,这些地区的秸秆养分资源量占全国总量的66.04~72.38%,其中,山东、河南2省秸秆养分资源量最大,占全国总量的15.57~18.94%。
图2 秸秆N、P、K养分资源量时空分布
按单位耕地面积计算(图3),1980s单位耕地面积氮磷钾养分量为127.06 kg/hm2,其中N 43.86 kg/hm2、P2O56.90 kg/hm2、K2O 76.30 kg/hm2;1990s单位耕地面积氮磷钾养分量为177.17 kg/hm2,其中N 63.50 kg/hm2、P2O59.61 kg/hm2、K2O 104.06 kg/hm2;2000s单位耕地面积氮磷钾养分量为158.34 kg/hm2,其中N 59.69 kg/hm2、P2O58.76 kg/hm2、K2O 89.89 kg/hm2;2010s单位耕地面积氮磷钾养分量为183.91 kg/hm2,其中N 70.07 kg/hm2、P2O510.10 kg/hm2、K2O 103.74 kg/hm2。从时间变化来看,2010s比1980s增加了56.85kg/hm2,其中,西北、华北地区单位耕地面积秸秆氮磷钾养分资源量持续稳定增加,增幅较大,其中西北地区从1980s的49.10 kg/hm2增加到2010s的126.17 kg/hm2,华北地区从1980s的115.44 kg/hm2增加到2010s的240.22 kg/hm2。从区域分布来看,粮食主产区和复种指数较高的地区单位耕地面积养分资源较高,如华北部分地区、长江中下游、四川以及华南地区。
分析2010s不同作物秸秆养分资源量占比(表13),谷类作物占56.47%,其次是果蔬类作物占21.99%,豆类、薯类、油料类、棉麻纤维类以及其他类作物秸秆养分资源分别占总量的1.75%、4.21%、8.57%、4.28%、2.73%。不同区域各种作物秸秆养分资源所占有比例也有较大差异,谷类作物秸秆养分占比最大的为东北地区,达到77.67%,其次是长江中下游(63.11%)、华北地区(54.20%),东南地区最小(38.49%);果蔬类作物秸秆养分占比最大的是东南地区(31.86%),其次是华北(29.74%)、长江中下游地区(19.87%),最小的是东北地区(11.25%);豆类作物秸秆养分占比大的是东北地区(4.20%),其次是西南地区(2.74%)、西北地区(2.18%),最小的是华北地区(0.75%);薯类作物秸秆养分占比最大的为西南地区,达11.22%,其他类作物秸秆养分占比最大的是东南地区。
图3 单位耕地面积秸秆养分资源量时空分布
表13 2010s各地区主要作物秸秆养分资源量占本地区秸秆养分资源总量的比例
2.2 秸秆还田
2.2.1 直接还田
从1980s到2010s,全国秸秆直接还田率约从23.93%增加到61.27%,秸秆直接还田量从1980s的1.16×108t增加到2010s的5.52×108t,直接还田的N、P2O5、K2O量分别从1980s的97.81×104、15.21×104、169.40×104t增加到2010s的574.53×104、86.16×104、867.85×104t。新疆、内蒙古的秸秆养分直接还田量增幅最明显,还田的秸秆养分量分别从1980s的4.12×104、4.16×104t增加到2010s的75.74×104、50.57×104t,分别增加17.38和11.16倍;其次是黑龙江、西藏、河南、宁夏,还田的秸秆养分量分别从1980s的11.37×104、0.16×104、19.78×104和0.87×104t增加到2010s的104.85×104、1.82×104、160.66×104和8.56×104t,增幅分别为8.22、10.38、7.12和8.83倍。地域上秸秆及其养分还田主要分布在华北、长江中下游及四川盆地及2010s的黑龙江(图4)。
图4 秸秆养分直接还田量时空分布
2.2.2 燃烧还田
从图5可以看出,1980s到2000s秸秆燃烧还田量和燃烧后养分还田量持续缓慢增加,燃烧还田量从2.03×108t增加到2.75×108t,增加了35.47%。1980s秸秆燃烧后养分还田量达301.51×104t,其中P2O5和K2O分别为24.90×104、276.61×104t;1990s秸秆燃烧后养分还田量达318.21×104t,其中P2O5和K2O分别为26.81×104、291.40×104t;2000s秸秆燃烧后养分还田量达381.88×104t,其中P2O5和K2O分别为33.02×104、348.86×104t。这一时期秸秆燃烧及其燃烧后养分还田量主要分布在华北、长江中下游和四川盆地,这些地区秸秆燃烧及其燃烧后养分还田量分别占全国的71.36%~78.88%和69.96%~78.63%。
2010s秸秆燃烧及其养分还田量显著下降,燃烧还田的P2O5和K2O分别为22.37×104和222.75×104t,比2000s分别下降32.25%和36.15%。其中上海、浙江、江苏、江西、北京、天津、山东秸秆燃烧及其然烧后养分还田量降幅明显,与近年来政府鼓励秸秆还田、禁止焚烧以及规模化、机械化收获等有关,还与近年来农民依赖秸秆做能源的比重逐渐减少有关。
2.2.3 还田总量
作物秸秆养分还田总量包括直接还田量和间接还田量。1980s秸秆氮磷钾养分还田总量为583.92×104t,还田率为47.92%,其中秸秆N、P2O5和K2O还田量分别为97.81×104、40.10×104、446.01×104t,还田率为23.25%、60.58%、60.96%。1990s秸秆氮磷钾养分还田总量为948.63×104t,还田率为56.16%,其中N、P2O5和K2O还田量分别为224.79×104、61.29×104、662.56×104t,还田率为37.13%、66.88%、66.78%。2000s秸秆氮磷钾养分还田总量为1 223.66×104t,还田率为60.11%,其中N、P2O5和K2O还田量分别为314.40×104、79.36×104、829.90×104t,还田率为41.19%、70.46%、71.82%。2010s秸秆氮磷钾养分还田总量为1 770.66×104t,还田率为71.24%,其中N、P2O5和K2O还田量分别为574.53×104、105.53×104、1 090.6×104t,还田率为60.67%、77.29%、77.78%。1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s氮磷钾养分还田量相当于各年代化肥消费量的32.95%、27.57%、25.91%、30.32%。可见,从1980s到2010s秸秆氮、磷、钾及其总还田量和还田率持续增加,其中内蒙古、新疆、黑龙江增幅较明显。从区域分布来看,秸秆养分还田主要分布在华北地区、长江中下游地区、四川盆地和黑龙江省,这些地区秸秆养分还田总量约占全国还田养分总量的68.66%~74.78%。
图5 秸秆燃烧后养分还田量时空分布
按单位耕地面积计算,1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s全国氮磷钾总养分还田量平均相当于60.89 kg/hm2(N 10.20 kg/hm2、P2O54.18 kg/hm2、K2O 46.51 kg/hm2)、 99.50 kg/hm2(N 23.58 kg/hm2、P2O56.43 kg/hm2、K2O 69.49 kg/hm2)、95.19 kg/hm2(N 24.46 kg/hm2、P2O56.17 kg/hm2、K2O 64.56 kg/hm2)、131.02 kg/hm2(N 42.51 kg/hm2、P2O57.81 kg/hm2、K2O 80.70 kg/hm2),各地区均稳定增加。长江中下游地区最高,氮磷钾总还田量达110.30~190.00 kg/hm2(N15.62~56.36 kg/hm2、P2O57.07~10.48 kg/hm2、K2O 87.61~124.16 kg/hm2),其次是东南地区,还田量达98.56~190.72 kg/hm2(N 14.62~65.29 kg/hm2、P2O56.48~10.97 kg/hm2、K2O 77.46~114.46 kg/hm2),最低是西北地区为21.90~87.47 kg/hm2(N 4.10~27.39 kg/hm2、P2O51.54~6.10 kg/hm2、K2O 16.26~54.98 kg/hm2)(图6)。由此可见,通过秸秆还田的养分以钾素为主。
图6 单位耕地面积秸秆养分还田总量时空分布
3 讨 论
3.1 秸秆资源及其还田利用时空分布
通过分析得知,中国农业生产快速发展产生的秸秆及其养分资源从1980s到2010s快速增加,且以粮食类秸秆(包括水稻、玉米、小麦等主要作物)占主导,1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s分别占秸秆资源总量的77.69%、74.65%、67.49%、69.86%,比例的变化与种植业结构调整有关。由于中国各区域作物种质资源、种植结构、气候条件、耕作环境等因素各不相同,农业生产空间分布不均匀,秸秆及其养分资源存在明显地域性,主要分布在华北、长江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龙江地区,呈现显著的南北差异和东西差异,与中国粮食主产区域划分基本一致,与其他研究结果相似[4,36,133-134]。
本文研究表明,1980s中国秸秆资源直接还田率较低,不足20%,燃烧还田率达50%以上,主要因为农作物秸秆是当时农村重要的家庭燃料来源[135]。到2000s秸秆直接还田率约42%,燃烧还田率逐渐下降至40%以下,与农村能源结构的变化,传统的农作物秸秆作为家庭燃料等减少有关。尽管从1980s到2000s秸秆燃烧还田率下降,但秸秆燃烧还田量仍增加,到2000s仍约有2.75×108t的秸秆被燃烧,不仅造成资源浪费,而且严重污染大气环境[32,91,119,136]。造成这一结果的原因是,随着中国农业生产水平的提高,化肥的大量使用,秸秆资源总量增加,但由于农民外出务工,留守人员出于省工、省力、省时,将过多的作物秸秆直接在农田里露天焚烧。2010s中国政府积极提倡秸秆还田,禁止秸秆焚烧,特别是机械化程度提高,使得机械化收割的同时把秸秆粉碎直接还田,很大程度上促进了秸秆还田,60%以上的秸秆被直接还田,约20%的秸秆被燃烧还田,养分还田总量达到1 770.66×104t,占秸秆养分总量的70%以上。
秸秆还田具有增加土壤有机质和矿质养分[5-9],提高农田养分的利用效率,改善土壤水、肥、气、热[15-18],增加作物产量等诸多作用[19-23],尤其可以使大量的钾素还田,对维持土壤钾素肥力、缓解钾肥资源不足、减少钾肥投入尤为重要。例如2010s通过秸秆还田的钾素全国平均为80.70 kg/hm2,而2015年通过化肥施用的钾素约为80 kg/hm2,相当于每年施钾量。而2010s通过秸秆还田的氮、磷只占2015年通过化肥施用量的19.26%、5.31%。秸秆直接还田最方便、成本最低,也是解决当前禁止秸秆焚烧与有效利用问题的最重要、最有效手 段[137-138],特别是秸秆直接还田避免了燃烧还田造成的氮素损失和环境污染。本研究表明,中国秸秆养分还田主要在华北、长江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龙江等粮食作物主产区,约占全国的2/3以上,与秸秆养分资源量分布一致。因此,今后应进一步提高粮食主产区秸秆还田比例,尤其提高直接还田比例,降低燃烧还田比例。
值得注意的是,果蔬类作物秸秆养分资源占比显著高于其秸秆资源占比,例如2010s果蔬类秸秆占比只有9.67%,而其养分资源占比高达21.99%,主要分布在华北地区和东南地区,因此提高果蔬类作物秸秆还田比例,使有限的资源发挥更大的价值。
3.2 估算方法和结果与其他研究比较
本研究中秸秆资源估算是依据国家统计局和农业部的各种作物经济产量的统计数据,利用各种作物的草谷比进行估算。朱建春[36]也指出,草谷比法是最接近实际的农作物秸秆资源量测算方法,是评估秸秆资源量的重要参数。但是,由于各地区作物品种、生长地区、气候、施肥量等条件的差异,以及多年来作物品种的改良,使得不同地区各种作物的草谷比发生很大变化。不同研究中的草谷比取值存在一定差异[4,35,37,120,139-141],这也是不同文献之间测算结果差异较大的原因,估算结果也往往存在较大的年际差异[4,37,120,141]和年内差异[35,37,140]。毕于运等[37]选取经过订正的秸秆草谷比,估算2005年全国秸秆总产量达到8.42×108t。高利伟[60]基于统计数据、农户调研数据以及公开发表的文献资料中的数据,估算了2006年中国作物秸秆资源量超过7.60×108t。韦茂贵等[139]采用各省区不同作物的田间秸秆系数评价秸秆资源量,得出2007~2009年中国年均秸秆量为7.35×108t,包括田间秸秆6.46×108t(折煤标准3.41×108t,占总量87.36%)和加工副产物0.89×108t(折煤标准0.50×108t,占总量12.64%)。李书田等[4]采用毕于运等[37]修订正的秸秆草谷比,估算出2009年全国秸秆总产量达到8.10×108t。本研究分地区计算各种作物草谷比的加权平均值作为一定气候和作物品种下各种作物的草谷比,并考虑了不同年代棉花衣分率以及被其他研究人员忽略了的水果(香蕉和菠萝)的秸秆量,估算出不同年代秸秆资源量,其中2010s作物秸秆资源为9.01×108t,高于前期的研究结果,主要是2010年后作物产量的增加,秸秆产量也随之增加的缘故。
3.3 秸秆养分的有效性
秸秆还田分解后养分释放对作物产量[19-23]、土壤肥力[10-18]产生明显影响,还具有替代化肥等作用[45,142-143]。2010s通过直接还田和燃烧还田的秸秆量达7.32×108t,氮磷钾养分还田量达到1 770.66×104t,其中N、P2O5、K2O分别为574.53×104、105.53×104、1 090.6×104t。如果秸秆直接还田率增加10%、而燃烧还田率减少10%,则秸秆N、P2O5、K2O养分直接还田量将增加57.45×104、8.32×104、86.78×104t,并减少由秸秆燃烧而损失的N、P2O5、K2O约18.96×104、1.08×104、4.72×104t。
秸秆直接还田后,腐解过程较慢,秸秆中的养分难以快速释放而满足作物生长,因此在研究秸秆还田替代化肥时应考虑秸秆还田后养分的当季有效性,避免简单的等养分替代导致养分供应不足而影响作物生长和产量、品质。大量研究表明,秸秆直接还田后,养分释放前期快,后期缓慢[144-146],秸秆养分释放率一般是钾>磷>氮[144-148]。代文才等[148]研究不同作物秸秆在旱地和水田中的腐解特性及养分释放规律,结果表明,经过360 d的腐解,旱地秸秆累积腐解率为52.88%~75.80%,氮、磷和钾释放率分别为54.64%~69.72%、89.65%~98.96%和79.92%~96.63%;水田中秸秆累积腐解率为45.01%~62.12%,氮、磷、钾释放率变幅分别为32.89%~77.11%、90.70%~96.80%、77.45%~90.47%。张姗等[54]在研究施氮量对水稻秸秆腐解的影响时发现,水稻秸秆腐解率及氮、磷、钾的释放率均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,不同处理秸秆干物质腐解率为54.80%~64.90%,秸秆不同养分释放率表现为钾(96.30%~98.20%)>磷(69.1%~ 84.3%)>氮(52.9%~64.8%)。武际等[149]研究不同水稻栽培模式下小麦秸秆腐解特征,结果表明,小麦秸秆还田90d时累计腐解率达到了48.90%~61.30%,秸秆中氮、磷和钾释放率分别为58.35%~52.83%、54.83%~67.49%、91.98%~95.99%。匡恩俊等[150]研究3种腐熟剂促进玉米秸秆快速腐解特征时发现,经过100 d的腐解,施入不同秸秆腐熟剂后玉米秸秆氮、磷、钾释放率分别为35.10%~57.20%、44.20%~59.60%、77.40%~89.70%。根据文献资料得出的主要作物秸秆氮、磷、钾养分当季释放率(见表14),估算2010s全国秸秆养分总还田量1 770.66×104t的当季释放量为1 340.83×104t,占养分总还田量的75.72%。因此,秸秆养分当季释放率对秸秆还田后调整当季化肥施用量以及实现秸秆与肥料合理配施都非常重要。
3.4 对策和建议
目前,由于中国政策引导、农业补贴、秸秆还田技术的应用以及机械化程度提高,并且配合秸秆禁烧等,我国秸秆还田水平有了很大的提高,秸秆还田率和氮、磷、钾养分还田量持续增加。为进一步解决中国各地区秸秆合理利用,降低秸秆焚烧带来的危害,提出以下几点建议:1)在秸秆及养分资源丰富、还田率相对较高的地区,如华北地区、长江中下游地区、四川盆地和黑龙江省,依据区域特点采取相应的秸秆还田方法和技术,进一步提高秸秆还田率,在有条件的地区实现全量还田。2)秸秆养分资源尤其钾素资源丰富,还田后的当季释放率较高,因此,鼓励通过秸秆还田补充土壤钾素,减少钾肥投入,实现化肥减。3)进一步加强秸秆快速腐解技术研究、示范与推广,提高秸秆养分尤其氮、磷的当季释放率,为利用秸秆还田替代部分化肥提供技术支撑。
表14 主要作物秸秆养分当季释放率
注:此部分主要参考文献见[54, 144, 148, 150-156]。
Note: Some main references used here were [54, 144, 148, 150-156].
4 结 论
1)从1980s到2010s中国秸秆及其养分资源分别增长了85.77%和104%,西北地区、西藏、黑龙江增幅明显。到2010s秸秆资源和氮磷钾养分资源分别达到9.01×108和2 485.63×104t,相当于单位耕地面积上6 665.52和 183.92 kg/hm2,2/3以上的秸秆及其养分分布在华北、长江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龙江地区。
2)2010s谷类作物秸秆及其养分资源占总资源量的比例最大,分别达69.86%和56.47%,东北地区最明显,其次是果蔬类作物秸秆及其养分资源,分别占9.67%、21.99%,主要在东南地区,豆类、薯类、油料类、棉麻纤维类和其他类作物秸秆及其养分资源占比相对较小。
3)从1980s到2010s,秸秆氮磷钾养分还田量持续增加,还田总量从583.92×104t增加到1 770.66×104t,相当于单位耕地面积从60.89 kg/hm2增加到131.02 kg/hm2,华北、长江中下游和四川盆地秸秆养分还田量占全国秸秆养分还田总量的2/3以上。
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刘晓永,李书田. 中国秸秆养分资源及还田的时空分布特征[J]. 农业工程学报,2017,33(21):1-19. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.21.001 http://www.tcsae.org
Liu Xiaoyong, Li Shutian.Temporal and spatial distribution characteristcs of crop straw nutrient resources and returning to farmland in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(21): 1-19. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.21.001 http://www.tcsae.org
Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of crop straw nutrient resources and returning to farmland in China
Liu Xiaoyong1, Li Shutian1,2※
(1.100081,; 2.100081,)
Crop straw resource inChina is plentiful, but in different regions the straw resource capacity, the corresponding nutrient resource capacity and available amount of returning to farmland as well as the changes over time have not been very clear. Based on official statistical data and literature review, this study analyzed the capacity of crop straw, the corresponding nutrient nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and available amount of returning to farmland in different time slots at provincial level, aiming to provide scientific basis and reference for rational utilization of straw nutrient resources and nutrient management under zero growth of chemical fertilizer. Results indicated that the capacity of crop straw and its NPK nutrients increased by 85.77% and 104% from 1980s to 2010s, respectively. Among the regions, the increase of crop straw capacity and NPK nutrients in Northwest, Tibet Autonomous Region and Heilongjiang Province was more obvious. The crop straw and its nutrient capacity in North Plain, middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, Sichuan Basin and Heilongjiang Province accounted for two-thirds of the total capacity in China. By the 2010s, the total crop straw and its total N, P and K capacity in China have reached 9.01×108and 2 485.63×104t, respectively, equivalent to per unit area of farmland of 6 665.56 and 183.91 kg/hm2, 1 601.18 and 56.85 kg/hm2more than those in 1980s, respectively. Great variability existed among different regions in the capacity of straw and its nutrients from specific kinds of crops. In 2010s, the proportions of crop straw and its nutrient capacity from cereal crops accounted for 69.86% and 56.47% of the total capacity in China, respectively, and the highest proportions of cereal crop straw and its nutrient capacity occurred in Northeast region. The capacity of crop straw and nutrient from fruits and vegetables accounted for 9.67% and 21.99% of the total capacity in China, respectively, and the Northeast region had the highest proportions of straw and nutrient capacity of fruit and vegetable. The proportions of straw and nutrients capacity from beans, potatoes, oil crops, cotton and other fiber crops were relatively small. The amount of direct straw returning to farmland has continually increased from 1980s to 2010s, while the amount of straw returning to farmland after burning increased from the 1980s to 2000s, and decreased in 2010s. However, the total amount of straw NPK nutrients returning to farmland has increased continually from 1980s to 2010s. The total NPK nutrients increased from 583.92×104t (N 97.81×104t, P2O540.10×104t and K2O 446.01×104t) in 1980s to 1 770.66×104t (N 574.53×104t, P2O5105.53×104t and K2O 1 090.60×104t) in 2010s, equivalent to per unit area of farmland of 60.89 kg/hm2(N 10.20 kg/hm2, P2O54.18 kg/hm2, K2O 46.51 kg/hm2) in 1980s to 131.0 kg/hm2(N 42.5 kg/hm2, P2O57.8 kg/hm2, K2O 80.7 kg/hm2) in 2010s. The ratio of crop straw NPK nutrients returning to farmland was 47.92%, 56.16%, 60.11% and 71.24%, respectively in 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. From 1980s to 2000s, the increase of the ratio of crop straw NPK nutrients returning to farmland in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Heilongjiang was obvious, but the total amount of crop straw NPK returning to farmland in the North Plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Sichuan Basin accounted for more than two-thirds of total crop straw NPK returning to farmland in China.
straw; crop; nutrients; straw returning; temporal and spatial distribution
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.21.001
S158.3
A
1002-6819(2017)-21-0001-19
2017-08-05
2017-09-20
国家重点研发计划课题(2016YFD0200103)
刘晓永,博士生,主要从事植物营养与施肥研究。 Email:853653593@qq.com
※通信作者:李书田,博士,研究员,主要从事植物营养与施肥研究。Email:sli@ipni.net;lishutian@caas.cn