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基于3.0T高分辨磁共振对颅内动脉粥样硬化狭窄血管壁改变与脑梗死关系的分析

2017-09-09尤群伟王志敏高峰

中国现代医生 2017年22期
关键词:动脉粥样硬化

尤群伟+王志敏+高峰

[摘要] 目的 应用高分辨磁共振成像(HRMRI)对有症状性中动脉脑梗死和脑桥旁正中梗死患者的血管壁改变模式、分析斑块的负荷与脑梗死的关系。 方法 收集2014年1月~2016年1月间在本院神经内科住院的患者,大脑中动脉梗死23例和脑桥旁正中梗死21例,行3.0T高分辨磁共振及DWI和MRA检查,证实存在大脑中动脉梗死或脑桥旁正中梗死,分别测量大脑中动脉和基底动脉管壁并计算最窄处血管面积/参考处血管面积的指数,如果指数<0.95为阴性改变,指数在0.95~1.05之间为无改变,指数>1.05为阳性改变,比较阴性和陽性改变的斑块面积及斑块负荷等特点。 结果 对HRMRI上发现有动脉粥样硬化斑块的44例患者计算血管壁改变模式,在大脑中动脉发现阴性改变7例,无改变6例,阳性改变10例,而在基底动脉阴性改变3例,无改变4例,阳性改变14例。分别比较大脑中动脉阳性组的斑块面积(6.20±3.20)mm2(负荷计算公式=最窄层面斑块面积/最窄层面血管面积)及斑块负荷(0.42±0.14)mm2均大于阴性改变的斑块面积(2.10±1.40)mm2及斑块负荷(0.26±0.17)mm2;阳性组的斑块面积及斑块负荷均大于阴性组,两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。 结论 HRMRI有助于颅内缺血性梗死的病因学分型并评估病变的指数,大脑中动脉和基底动脉的阳性改变比阴性改变常见,阳性改变常合并较大的动脉粥样硬化斑块,且斑块面积及斑块负荷均大于阴性。

[关键词] 脑桥旁正中梗死;中动脉区梗死;动脉粥样硬化;HRMRI;基底动脉;斑块负荷

[中图分类号] R445.2;R743.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)22-0027-04

[Abstract] Objective To study the relationship between plaque burden and cerebral infarction by applying high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HRMRI) to diagnose the changes of vascular wall in patients with symptomatic middle cerebral artery infarction and paramedian pons infarction. Methods A total of 23 patients with middle cerebral artery infarction and 21 patients with paramedian pons infarction in the department of neurology from January 2014 to January 2016 were collected and confirmed with the presence of middle cerebral artery infarction or paramedian pons infarction by 3.0T high resolution magnetic resonance and DWI and MRA examination.The vascular walls of the middle cerebral artery and basilar artery were measured and the index of blood area in the narrowest site/the vascular area of reference site was calculated. It was negative if the index<0.95, and no change happened if the index was in the range of 0.95~1.05, and it was positive change if the index>1.05. The features including plaque area and plaque burden between negative and positive changes were compared. Results The vessel wall alteration patterns of 44 patients with atherosclerotic plaques found on HRMRI were calculated. There were 7 cases of negative changes,6 cases of no change and 10 cases of positive changes found in the middle cerebral artery. There were 3 cases of negative changes,4 cases of no change and 14 cases of positive changes found in the basilar artery. The plaque area(6.20±3.20)mm2 (burden calculation formula=the narrowest plaque area/the narrowest vascular surface area) and the plaque burden(0.42±0.14)mm2 in the middle cerebral artery positive group were larger than the negative plaque area(2.10±1.40)mm2 and plaque load(0.26±0.17)mm2 in the middle cerebral artery negative group. The plaque area and the plaque burden in the basilar artery positive group were larger than those in the negative group. The differences were significant between the two groups(P<0.01). Conclusion HRMRI contributes to the etiology typing of intracranial ischemic infarction and assessment of the lesion index. The positive changes of the middle cerebral artery and basilar artery are more common than those with negative changes. The positive changes are often associated with large atherosclerotic plaques, and plaque area and plaque load of the positive changes were greater than those of negative changes.endprint

[Key words] Paramedian pons infarction; Middle artery area infarction; Atherosclerosis; HRMRI; Basilar artery; Plaque burden

颅内大动脉病变主要为大脑中动脉和基底动脉[1-2],大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄的患者与椎基底动脉系统最常见脑桥旁正中梗死的患者分别每年发生卒中的风险高达12.5%和29.3%并且预后不良[3-4]。因此,對于研究大脑中动脉及基底动脉管壁改变与脑梗死关系是有必要的,目前认为发生梗死的血管存在重构现象,临床常用的评价大脑中动脉和基底动脉的影像手段有颅多普勒、计算机断层血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)、磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)等这些血管成像技术只能显示动脉管腔,无法显示管壁结构,这会出现虽然MCA、BA(基底动脉)等病变血管粥样硬化斑块已经发展但动脉管腔却未发生明显改变[5]。因此,利用HRMRI检查显示颅内动脉管壁结构,有利于明确梗死的病因。

1对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

为2014年1月~2016年1月期间在本院神经内科住院的患者44例。入组标准:①所有病例均经过颅脑磁共振成像(MRI)弥散加权成像(DWI)证实系急性大脑中动脉梗死或脑桥旁正中梗死。②所有患者排除栓塞性梗死的可能;③所有患者均行MRA和HRMRI检查;均行血液炎性指标及血脂等危险因素检查,具备完整的病例资料。排除标准:①具有MRI检查禁忌证患者;②病因为非动脉粥样硬化性患者。计算改变指数,阳性改变设为阳性组,阴性改变设为阴性组,两组基础资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 影像学检查 所有患者均行头颅CT检查排除脑出血,并行头颅MRI检查,成像序列包括T1加权成像,T2加权成像,弥散加权成像,头颅MRA和HRMRI。本研究采用3.0T磁共振机进行影像学检查。首先行MRA检查,然后取与MCA、BA长轴的垂直平面的HRMRI扫描检查。

1.2.2 评价测量指标 图像由两位有经验的神经影像科医师在工作站上共同评价。如梗死灶、血管管腔和管壁等图像显示不清晰,则不纳入本研究。观察项目包括管壁、斑块、位置及大小等,分别测量大脑中动脉和基底动脉管壁并计算最窄处血管面积/参考处血管面积的指数,比较阴性和阳性改变的斑块面积,斑块负荷等特点。

1.3统计学方法

采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件对各实验数据进行统计学分析。组间比较采用t 检验,计数资料采用频数、百分比表示,两组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2结果

2.1 影像学情况

在44例中MRA检查发现狭窄14例分别在中动脉8例、基底动脉6例,而HRMRI均发现有不同程度的偏心斑块形成。T2WI上斑块信号变化表现为等信号,高信号为主,绝大多数斑块显示为不均质信号,如果结合T1发现高信号考虑斑块内出血,甚至结合增强斑块强化考虑活动性斑块。对HRMRI上发现有狭窄的44例患者,测量最窄层面的面积,计算面积用USCUBE医学影像软件手动测量(图1),参考层面:取(病变近心端正常层面+远心端正常层面)/2的数值结果作为参考层面,有助于降低人为因素选择参考面对指数的影响。

2.2 阴性组和阳性组的管壁特点

计算改变指数(最窄处血管面积比参考处血管面积)(图2、3),<0.95为阴性,在0.95~1.05之间为无改变,>1.05为阳性改变。结果是阴性改变10例,无改变10例,阳性改变24例。在阴性组的指数为(0.81±0.12)和阳性组的指数为(1.29±0.21),差异具有显著性。结果阳性组在最窄层面的血管面积、斑块面积、斑块负荷均大于阴性组,差异具有显著性。在参考层面,两组的管壁特点及最窄层面两组管腔面积,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。

3讨论

本研究显示HRMRI可清晰地显示大脑中动脉[6]及基底动脉管壁结构斑块情况[7-10]。而常规的MRA检查有一些血管管腔未明显狭窄,但确实发生脑梗死,以前病因归为原因不明或其他原因等,还有一部分患者出现进展性卒中,以前根据梗死的形态及分布推测病因或尸体解剖证实,活体内无法证实,但现有HRMRI后,可对这些活体患者检查,明确病因,已在另一个研究里证实斑块的分布与进展性卒中存在密切的关系。对常规检查管腔未明显狭窄的患者,经3.0T HRMRI检查发现这些患者的血管已有斑块形成,认为存在血管重构现象,发生向内或向外的重构,并且认为这种重构与脑梗死存在密切的关系。因此有必要进行本研究,结果如下:本研究44例有症状患者均有颅内动脉的斑块形成,斑块在HRMRI表现为偏心型斑块为多,而30例在MRA图像显示为正常管腔,HRMRI比MRA对颅内血管显示更清楚,而且能够显示管壁结构;一般常规影像只显示管腔是不能满足临床需要的,并且对23例大脑中动脉和21例基底动脉粥样斑块患者计算血管改变指数(计算公式改变指数=最窄处血管面积/参考处血管面积),如果指数<0.95为阴性改变,指数在0.95~1.05之间为无改变,指数>1.05为阳性改变,本研究发现阳性改变共24例(中动脉阳性10例,基底动脉阳性14例),阴性改变共10例,无改变10例。脑梗死患者中阳性改变占54%,阴性改变和无改变约为23%,经统计分析脑梗死和血管阳性改变有密切的关系,分析原因颅内动脉的这种血管结构改变,可能与血液在血管内流动的力学作用有关,以血管向外膨胀性生长为主,所以认为高分辨率磁共振检查能发现血管结构的改变,另本研究数据显示发现脑梗死患者以阳性改变为主,且阳性改变的血管斑块的负荷面积更大(负荷计算公式=最窄层面斑块面积/最窄层面血管面积),分析原因与血管膨胀性生长动脉粥样硬化斑块负荷面积大容易斑块脱落阻塞远端血管导致梗死的发生,在国内有文献报道:有动脉粥样硬化斑块的大脑中动脉狭窄进行微栓子监测,存在阳性的病变常可见栓子脱落,提示斑块不稳定[11-12]。另有报道利用HRMRI检查能明确烟雾病和动脉粥样硬化的血管壁结构改变[13]。因此使用HRMRI可以明确脑梗死的病因病理机制[14],也能发现易损斑块,预测梗死的发生[15-18]或可能加重进展,对临床有重要的指导意义,另由于存在血管的阳性改变在行介入时可以引导支架植入防止“雪犁效应”,而阻塞穿支动脉[19-20]。endprint

综上可知,HRMRI能清晰显示颅内动脉血管壁的改变,通过该检查能明确一些临床上表现为脑梗死但常规血管检查未见明显血管狭窄患者的病因,弥补其他检查的不足,对指导治疗和预防是具有重要临床意义。不足之处是本研究样本量少,取血管平面带有部分主观性,望在以后研究中弥补这些不足,但本研究的数据真实客观仍具有一定代表性。

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(收稿日期:2017-05-07)endprint

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