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带你去看流星雨

2017-09-08

新东方英语·中学版 2017年8期
关键词:陨石坑火球流星雨

Imagine a baseball zipping1) along at 30,000 miles per hour. That's how big and fast many meteors are. And though some are bigger than baseballs, most are more like grains of sand.

Entry into the Atmosphere

When they plow through the atmosphere, meteors are heated to more than 3000 degrees Fahrenheit, and they glow. Meteors are not heated by friction2), as is commonly thought. A phenomenon called ram pressure3) is at work. A meteor compresses4) air in front of it. The air heats up, in turn heating the meteor.

The intense heat vaporizes5) most meteors, creating what we call shooting stars. (Most become visible at around 60 miles up.) Some large meteors splatter6), causing a brighter flash called a fireball, and an explosion, which can often be heard up to 30 miles away. When meteors hit the ground, they're called meteorites. Some meteors are bits broken off asteroids, others—mere cosmic dust—are cast off by comets.

想象一下一個棒球以3万英里(约4.8万公里)的时速飞驰的场景。很多流星体就是这个大小和速度。尽管有些流星体会比棒球大点,但大多数流星体都更像沙粒那么大。

进入大气层

流星体划过地球大气层的时候,温度能升高到 3000多华氏度(约1649摄氏度),并会燃烧发光。它们并不像通常认为的那样是因摩擦生热,而是一种叫做动压的现象在起作用。流星体会挤压其前方的空气,使得空气升温,空气反过来又让流星体变热。

炽热的温度直接汽化了大多数流星体,形成我们所说的流星(大多在离地约60英里[约96公里]的高空时开始被肉眼所见)。一些大的流星体会崩裂飞溅,形成一道我们称之为火球的更亮光芒一闪即逝,并伴有爆炸,常常在远达30英里(约48公里)的地方都能听到声响。流星撞到地面之后叫做陨石。一些流星体是小行星的碎屑,其他的只是宇宙尘埃,是从彗星上掉下来的。

◎ By Robert Roy Britt

译 / Evan Chao

流星通常被赋予了浪漫的元素,不论是看到流星许愿,还是陪着喜欢的人一起看流星雨,都听起来十分美好。然而事实上,流星这种美丽的天象能否带来好运我们不得而知,但它有时候会带来灾难却是确凿的事实。想要了解其背后的原因,就要从解释这种“天外来客”是如何形成的开始啦。

1. zip [z?p] vi. 快速移动;飞速行动

2. friction [?fr?k?n] n. 摩擦;摩擦力

3. ram pressure: 动压,与静压相对,指的是物体在流体中运动时,在正对流体运动的方向的表面,流体完全受阻,此处的流体速度为零,其动能转变为压力能。流星体在地球大气中高速运动时,由于流星体表面的大气受阻而被迅速压缩到极致,此过程中形成的动压造成了大气温度升高,从而也使流星体温度升高。ram [r?m] n. 撞击

4. compress [k?m?pres] vt. 压紧;压缩

5. vaporize [?ve?p?ra?z] vt. 使汽化;使蒸发

6. splatter [?spl?t?(r)] vi. 溅泼;洒落

7. oblique [??bli?k] adj. (线或角)斜的,倾斜的

8. withstand [w???st?nd] vt. 经受住;承受;顶住

9. ensuing [?n?sju???] adj. 接着发生的;随之产生的

10. extraterrestrial [?ekstr?t??restri?l] adj. 地外的

11. rebound [?r??ba?nd] n. 反弹

12. rim [r?m] n. (圆形物体的)边框,边缘

13. terrace [?ter?s] n. 梯田;阶地

14. basin [?be?sn] n. 盆地;洼地

Meteor Breakup

Whether an object breaks apart depends on its composition, speed and angle of entry. A faster meteor at an oblique7) angle suffers greater stress. Meteors composed of ironwithstand8) the stress better than those made of stone. Even an iron meteor will usually break up as the atmosphere becomes denser.endprint

A meteor sometimes explodes above the surface, causing widespread damage from the blast and ensuing9) fire. This happened in 1908 over Siberia.

Impact with Earth

Extraterrestrial10) objects that hit the ground, their speed roughly half what it was upon entry, blast out craters 12 to 20 times their size. Craters on Earth form much as they would on the moon or any rocky planet. Smaller objects create simple, bowl-shaped craters. Larger impacts cause a rebound11) that creates a central peak; slipping along the rim12) forms terraces13). The largest impacts form basins14) in which multiple rebounds form several inner peaks.

Meteorite Events

In 1807, a fireball exploded over Connecticut, and several meteorites rained down. By then the first handful of asteroids had been discovered, and a new theory emerged suggesting meteorites were broken bits off asteroids or other planets. (A theory that still holds.)

One of the most significant meteorite events in recent history destroyed hundreds of square miles of forest in Siberia on June 30, 1908. Across hundreds of miles, witnesses of the Tunguska event saw a ball of fire streak15) through the sky, suggesting the meteor entered the atmosphere at an oblique angle. It exploded, sending out hot winds and loud noises and shook the ground enough to break windows in nearby villages. Small particles blown into the atmosphere lit the night sky for several days. No meteorite was ever found, and for years many scientists thought the devastation was caused by a comet. Now, the prevailing theory holds that a meteor exploded just above the surface.

The largest meteorite recovered in the United States fell in a wheat field in southern Nebraska in 1948. Witnesses saw a giant fireball in the afternoon that some said was brighter than the sun. The meteorite was found buried 10 feet deep in the ground. It weighed 2,360 pounds.

The most famous meteorite crater in the United States is Barringer Crater. It's in Arizona, and it's huge. The rim rises 150 feet from the surrounding plain, and the hole is 600 feet deep and nearly a mile wide. It was the first crater that was proved to be caused by a meteorite impact, which occurred between 20,000 and 50,000 years ago.

Meteor Showers

When a comet nears the sun, a trail of dust and other debris16) burns off and remains in solar orbit. As Earth orbits the sun, it passes through this debris field spread across its path. Small bits burn up in the atmosphere, creating meteors. Meteors come from other sources, too, but comet debris streams are the source of sometimes dramatic meteor showers.endprint

流星体解体

天體是否会解体取决于它的构成、速度和进入地球大气层的角度。流星体的速度越快,角度越小,受到的压力就越大。由铁构成的流星体比由岩石构成的流星体更能承受压力。但即便是由铁构成的流星体通常也会随着大气层密度的增加而解体。

流星体有时还未落地就会发生爆炸,爆炸带来的冲击以及继而引起的大火会造成大范围的破坏。1908年西伯利亚上空就发生过这样的事情。

撞击地球

外来天体撞到地面的速度大约是其进入地球大气层时速度的一半,撞地后炸出自身体积12~20倍大的陨石坑。地球上陨石坑的形成和月球或其他任何岩石星球上陨石坑的形成没有什么两样。较小的流星体会撞出简单的碗状陨石坑,而较大的撞击则会引起反弹,形成一个中心锥,并且沿着坑缘滑下的地方还会形成阶梯状断层。最大的撞击可以形成盆地,且由于多次反弹,盆地中还会形成多个内部锥形峰。

流星撞击事件

1807年,一个火球在美国康涅狄格州上空爆炸,好几颗陨石落了下来。当时,第一批小行星已被发现,由此出现了一个新的理论,该理论认为陨石是小行星或其他行星的碎屑(这一理论现在仍然成立)。

近代历史上最大的流星撞击事件之一发生在1908年6月30日,摧毁了西伯利亚数百平方英里的森林。发生在西伯利亚通古斯地区的这起事件在方圆数百英里都有目击者,他们看到天空飞过一个火球,这表明流星体是斜着进入地球大气层的。火球爆炸喷出热风,发出巨响,引起地面剧烈震动,足以将附近村庄的窗户都震碎。被吹到大气层中的碎粒连续数日让夜空亮如白昼。人们没有发现任何陨石,多年来许多科学家都认为这次破坏是由彗星引起的。而目前盛行的理论认为,当时是一颗流星在地表上方爆炸了。

在美国发现的最大的陨石是1948年落在内布拉斯加州南部一片麦田的那颗。目击者在当天下午看到了一个巨大的火球,有人说这个火球比太阳还亮。陨石被发现的时候,深埋在地下10英尺(约3.05米)的地方。这颗陨石重2360磅(约1.07吨)。

美国最著名的陨石坑是巴林杰陨石坑。该陨石坑位于亚利桑那州,巨大无比。坑缘高出周围平原150英尺(约46米),坑深600英尺(约183米),直径近一英里(约1.6公里)。这是首个被证实是流星撞击形成的坑,撞击时间发生在2~5万年之前。

流星雨

当彗星靠近太阳的时候,尾部的尘埃或其他碎屑会燃烧脱落,遗留在太阳轨道内。地球绕着太阳运转时会经过散布在地球公转轨道上的这个碎屑区。许多细小的碎屑进入地球大气层开始燃烧,形成流星。虽然流星还可能来自其他地方,但不时出现的那些壮观的流星雨都来自彗星的碎屑流。

Discovery

探索之旅

When to watch 流星雨的观看时间

The part of Earth where dawn is breaking is always at the leading edge17) of our planet's plunge18) along its orbital path around the sun. This part of the planet tends to "catch" oncoming meteors left by a comet, whereas the other side of Earth, where it is dusk or late evening, outruns the debris. For that reason, the hours between midnight and dawn are typically the best time to watch a meteor shower.

地球迎来黎明的区域始终处于地球沿着公转轨道行进的前端。这一区域往往会“捕捉”到彗星留下的、迎头撞来的流星体,而地球处于黄昏或深夜的另一半区域则避开了彗星留下的这些碎屑。因此,午夜到黎明这段时间通常是观看流星雨的最佳时间。

15. streak [stri?k] vi. 飞奔;疾驰

16. debris [?debri?] n. 残骸

17. edge [ed?] n. 边缘

18. plunge [pl?nd?] n.【地】倾入endprint

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