解析定语从句中的常见错误
2017-02-17湖北
湖北 王 芳
解析定语从句中的常见错误
湖北 王 芳
定语从句是高中英语中使用非常广泛的一种语法现象,同时也是历年高考的高频考点。考生往往由于对这一语法现象在句中的综合运用缺乏分析和理解而导致严重失分。人教版必修1附录Grammar部分有这样一句话:关系代词或关系副词处在先行词和定语从句之间,起着连接主从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。我们要透彻地理解这“三重作用”,综合考量,才能掌握定语从句的用法。本文从考生常见错误分析入手,帮助考生正确地掌握这一语法现象。
一、忽视定语从句引导词有连接主从句的作用
英语中,任何两个分句之间需要起连接作用的连接词才能构成一个完整的句子,而定语从句的关系代词或关系副词就可起到连接主从句的作用。
【典例1】(改错) The parking fee is raised in the downtown,it helps reduce the number of cars coming in and out.
【解析】it改为which。 it 只能从语意上指代前面句子所述的内容,不能从结构上将两个句子连接起来。而关系代词which既在语意上表达上句所述“市中心的停车费上涨”,又有连接主从句的作用,使之构成一个完整的句子。
【典例2】(改错) However,there are still some countries there people have shorter lives.
【解析】there 改为where。there不能起连接作用,而where既从语意上表达“在那儿(in some countries)”又起到连接主从句的作用。
【高考链接】(2017•全国新课标卷Ⅲ,短文改错)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
【解析】they 改成which /that,既指代先行词the things,在从句中作主语,又将主句和从句连接起来。
【高考链接】(2017• 全国新课标卷I,语法填空)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.
【解析】which。这是which 引导的非限制性定语从句,which连接两个分句,同时在从句中作主语,意义上指代to have too much of both。
二、忽视语意导致选定错误的先行词和关系词
定语从句常置于先行词之后,但并不一定是紧跟先行词,这种定语从句与先行词分开的现象叫作分隔式的定语从句。若一味地以为定语从句之前的名词就是先行词而忽视考虑从句语意,就很有可能选定了错误的先行词,随之关系词也会选错。
【典例1】(改错)The actor entered the hall which had just sung several pop songs.
【解析】which 改为who。若the hall 是先行词,which指代the hall ,那么从句语意就是“大厅唱歌”,显然不对,先行词应为the actor句意才通顺,先行词指人,故用关系代词who。
【典 例2】(改错)There they met people from other parts of the country, which had also volunteered to help.
【解析】which改为who。根据从句语意,能够主动提供帮助的只可能是people,所以先行词只能定为people, 这样关系代词用who。
三、忽视定语从句引导词在从句中要作成分导致从句成分重复
定语从句引导词不仅起着连接主从句的作用而且要在从句中作成分。若忽视关系词已作成分,就会导致从句中成分重复。
【典例1】(改错)The Middle-Autumn Festival, which we Chinese celebrate it on August 15th in Chinese Lunar Calendar every year ,is drawing near.
【解析】去掉it 。which 在从句中作celebrate 的宾语,再用it作宾语重复。
【典例2】(改错) Hangzhou is a famous city in China,where many people come to buy tea here.
【解析】去掉here。where在从句中作状语,再用here作状语重复。
四、忽视分析引导词在从句中的成分导致关系代词和关系副词误用
选择定语从句的引导词时,很多考生看到先行词是时间,就会用关系副词when,看到先行词是地点,就会用关系副词where,实际上,碰到这样的先行词,到底该用关系代词还是关系副词要根据引导词在从句中所作成分来判断——关系代词在从句中常作主语和宾语,关系副词在从句中作状语。
【典例1】(改错 ) I’ll never forget the days when we spent together.
【解析】when改为that/which。从句中spent是及物动词,要用关系代词作其宾语。 比较:I’ll never forget the days ________we worked together,由于work在此句中是不及物动词,那么就要用when在从句中作状语了。
【典 例2】(改 错 )Beijing is a city where I’ve always wanted to visit.
【解析】where改为that/ which。关系代词that/which作及物动词visit的宾语。
五、对关系代词whose用法理解不透彻导致不能对其正确使用
关系代词whose 在从句中作定语,表示“……的”,既可以跟指人的先行词连用,也可以跟指物的先行词连用。此外,“whose+ n.”还可转换为“the +n.+ of which/whom”。
【典例】(改错)This is the house which windows were broken.
【解析】which 改为 whose。whose 作 windows 的定语,语意为“房子的窗户”。若用which 在此从句中作主语,那么 windows便无成分可作了。
【高考链接】(2017•天津卷改编)My eldest son, _____work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
【解析】whose。whose在从句中语意为“我的大儿子的……”, 作work的定语,并和work一起构成从句的主语。
六、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的常见错误
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,如果先行词是物,则关系代词只能用which不能用that;如果先行词是人,则关系代词只能用whom不能用who;若表达“……的”,则用whose。
【典例1】(改错)We’ll spend about 2 hours climbing the mountains, after that we’ll have a picnic.
【解析】that 改为which。after为介词,其后用关系代词which指代逗号前整个主句的内容。
此外,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,介词的确定也是一个难点,若方法不当则会导致选用错误的介词。正确方法分三步:1.确定先行词 2.在从句中将关系代词替换为先行词 3.将从句按正常语序排列,根据固定搭配确定介词。
【典例2】(改错)The books on this theory, on which this is one example, are all written in easy English.
【解析】on改为 of 。首先根据从句句意确定先行词是the books ,然后在从句中将关系代词which替换为the books ,最后将从句整理为This is one example ______the books .“……的例子”应该译为example of...,因此用介词of就很清楚了。
七、非限制性定语从句中的典型错误
非限制性定语从句是高考经常考查的内容,从句与主句间常有逗号相隔,且从句不能由that引导。
【典例】(2017•全国新课标卷Ⅱ,短文改错)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
【解析】that 改为which。非限制性定语从句不可由that引导,which在从句中作主语指代their garden。
此外,我们常见到的非限制性定语从句以which引导居多,导致一些考生错误地认为凡是非限制性定语从句都用which, 其实不然,非限制性定语从句可以用which /who/whom/whose/when/where来引导,我们要根据先行词的语意及引导词在从句中所作成分来选择恰当的关系词。
【高考链接】(2017•全国新课标卷Ⅲ,语法填空)But Sarah, 44 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
【解析】who。先行词指人,非限制性定语从句中用关系代词who作主语。
【高考链接】(2017•浙江卷,语法填空) Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 64 it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长)through it.
【解析】where。非限制性定语从句中it作主语,remain为不及物动词,从句中需要的是状语,先行词表地点,所以用关系副词where。
八、定语从句与名词性从句混淆
定语从句和名词性从句是英语学习中的两大难点,这两种从句的引导词在从句中所作成分有一定的相似性,常常使考生混淆两者的使用。
【典例1】(改错)I overcame the problem what I was faced with.
【解析】what改为which/that。有些考生只考虑到what在从句中作with的宾语,却没有注意到已有先行词the problem,在这种情况下,要用定语从句,而不是名词性从句。
【典例2】(改错)Now have a good idea of which the city’s like.
【解析】which改为what。此题考查的是宾语从句,what the city’s like 作介词of的宾语。若认为是定语从句,which 指代先行词idea,那么从句语意语法皆不通。
【高考链接】(2017•江苏卷改编)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of_______ it used to charge.
【解析】what。what it used to charge 这个从句作of的宾语,half of what it used to charge 作$20的同位语,若认为逗号后的内容是$20的定语,语意就讲不通了。
九、定语从句与状语从句混淆
where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句语意有相似性,均表示“在……的地方”,但只有在定语从句中关系副词where可替换为in/on/at...+which,而状语从句的连接副词where是不可这样替换的。
【典例1】(改错)Bamboo grows best in which it is warm.
【解析】in which 改为where。该从句应是地点状语从句而不是定语从句。定语从句之前要有名词或代词作先行词,若认为bamboo是先行词,代入从句中语意不通,所以此句没有先行词,不是定语从句,应将其改为where引导的状语从句。 比较:Bamboo grows best in places where/in which it is warm.(从句前有先行词places,该从句为定语从句。)
【典例2】(改错)Her aunt took her to a small health clinic, since there were no big hospitals in which she lived.
【解析】in which 改为where。貌似有先行词hospitals,但将其代入从句,从句谓语live语意为“长期生活、居住”和hospital 语意搭配不合适,所以应为地点状语从句“在她居住的地方”,地点状语从句中where不能替换为in which。
【高考链接】(2017•江苏卷阅读D改编) Mobammed Rozwan saw opportunity _____ others saw only disaster.
【解析】where。地点状语从句意为“在他人只看到祸患的地方”。
湖北省安陆市第一高级中学)