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Ⅳ期胃癌转化治疗的实践

2016-12-14陈环球

中国肿瘤外科杂志 2016年4期
关键词:姑息原发灶生存期

周 斌,陈环球

作者单位: 210009 江苏 南京,江苏省肿瘤医院(南京医科大学附属肿瘤医院) 普外科



晚期胃癌转化治疗

Ⅳ期胃癌转化治疗的实践

周 斌,陈环球

作者单位: 210009 江苏 南京,江苏省肿瘤医院(南京医科大学附属肿瘤医院) 普外科

晚期胃癌的转化治疗是当下胃癌治疗的热点。转化治疗是指经转化化疗后,使原本不可切除或肿瘤学无法肉眼完整切除的晚期胃癌,争取获得R0切除。但目前,转化治疗的适应证未明确。综合文献报道的临床实践,根据胃癌生物学行为特点和高度异质性,Ⅳ期胃癌被分为:无肉眼种植转移(Ⅰ类:转移灶潜在可切除;Ⅱ类:转移灶大体可切除,手术可能获益小,不作为首选治疗);有肉眼种植转移(Ⅲ类:不可切除的腹腔种植转移病灶,转化手术后可能获益;Ⅳ类:不可切除转移灶,腹腔种植伴其他远处转移)。Ⅰ类病患的术前化疗归为新辅助化疗,转化治疗的适应人群应为Ⅱ类、部分Ⅲ类、极少数Ⅳ类Ⅳ期胃癌,Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、少数Ⅲ类晚期胃癌有望通过围手术期化疗联合手术,获得相对较长的生存期。作者回顾Ⅳ期胃癌的治疗进展,并对Ⅳ期胃癌进行新的分级,试图在临床实践中厘清思路。

胃癌; Ⅳ期胃癌; 转化治疗; 新辅助化疗; 转化手术

随着早期诊断率提高和新药物的研发,胃癌治疗效果有所提高,但仍是全球第二位死因的恶性肿瘤[1]。日本胃癌诊疗规约的不断修订,规范了胃癌的标准治疗[2],已形成共识的有T1a期胃癌的内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)、T1b期胃癌的腹腔镜下缩小手术、进展期可切除胃癌的D2清扫术等。对于转移或复发胃癌,治疗策略也在不断的调整。但Ⅳ期胃癌患者的中位生存时间始终只能徘徊在13~16个月[3-4],亟需我们重新审视Ⅳ期胃癌的治疗。

新的化疗方案和靶向药物(FOLFOX、FOLFIRI、XELOX、SOX联合bevacizumab, cetuximab、panitumab、regorafinib、ramcirumab等)使转移性结直肠癌的中位生存时间从6个月增加到30个月[5-6]。积极的对原发灶和转移病灶进行外科处理,在延长转移性结直肠癌生存期中作用显著[7]。转化治疗有效且转移灶达到R0切除的转移性结直肠癌患者,甚至有望获得临床治愈。反观晚期胃癌,使用化疗和靶向治疗后远未达到与转移性结直肠癌类似的临床结果。近年来有几项转化治疗方案的积极尝试给Ⅳ期胃癌的治疗带来一线曙光,但Ⅳ期胃癌转化治疗适应证、化疗药物的选择、手术时机的选择等关键问题仍困扰临床。本文通过回顾Ⅳ期胃癌的治疗进展,并对Ⅳ期胃癌进行新的分级,期待能为临床实践中的决策厘清思路。

1 当前的胃癌转化治疗实践

日本胃癌诊疗指南推荐:在HER 2(-)人群中S-1联合顺铂(CDDP)方案(SP)是标准一线治疗,卡培他滨联合顺铂方案(XP)、S-1联合多西他赛(docetaxel,DTX)为二线治疗;对HER 2(+)人群推荐XP联合曲妥珠单抗治疗[8]。此共识建立在多项开放临床试验的基础上(表1)。

JCOG9912[9]是日本首项对比5-FU vs S-1 vs伊利替康(CPT-11)联合顺铂的试验,结果未证实两药联合的优势,S-1可作为标准治疗。SPIRITS[10]研究对比S-1联合CDDP(顺铂60 mg/m2静注,1~8 d;S-1口服3周,停2周;每5周重复,直至肿瘤进展)vs单药S-1,结果前者中位生存时间(median survival time,MST)为13个月,S-1为11个月,S-1/CDDP优于单药S-1。另一项Ⅲ期研究TOP-002[11]证实了S-1联合CPT-11对照单药S-1治疗进展期胃癌的安全性和有效性,但两者无生存差异。

表1 多项临床试验:胃癌伴有不可测量转移灶的治疗

START[12]研究是一项由日、韩主导的多中心随机、对照、前瞻性Ⅲ期临床研究,目的是对比单药S-1和S-1联合DTX(DTX 40 mg/m2,d1;S-1 80 mg/m2/d,2周)治疗进展期胃癌的作用,结果S-1/DTX的MST为12.5个月,S-1为10.8个月,显示S-1/DTX优于单药S-1,化疗后病灶消失患者的MST,S-1/DTX组(17.9个月)也长于S-1组(12.0个月)。SOS[13]研究证实,改良的SP 3周方案对比5周方案具有同样的有效性。为减轻肾脏毒性,G-SOX试验[14]用奥沙利铂取代顺铂(SOX方案:奥沙利铂100 mg/m2,d1;S-1 80 mg/m2/d,口服2周后停1周,3周方案),证实奥沙利铂较顺铂具有同效低毒的优势,更适合在临床使用。

ToGA研究[8]证实,以卡培他滨或5-FU联合顺铂为对照组,曲妥珠单抗联合化疗组的MST为13.8个月,对比单独化疗组的11.1个月,P<0.01;联用曲妥珠单抗组进展时间(TTP)和无进展生存期(PFS)显著优于对照组,且毒性可控。AVAGAST研究和ToGA亚组分析显示XP方案后MST分别达到14.2和17.7个月[15,22]。因此,XP联合曲妥珠单抗作为HER-2阳性晚期胃癌的一线推荐方案,XP为HER-2阴性患者的二线推荐方案。

一项进行中的随机临床试验[23]证明DCS(Docetaxel/CDDP/S-1)方案优于S-1/CDDP方案,提示Ⅳ期胃癌的治疗效果较前有所改善。但如表1中所示,Ⅳ期胃癌的MST仍徘徊于3~17个月,多数的临床试验揭示有不可测量病灶(如腹膜转移、恶性胸腹水、残留微转移灶)患者对比有可测量病灶者,经治疗后有获得更佳生存的趋势。如START试验[12]证明,有不可测量病灶患者使用S-1/DTX方案后MST达17.9个月,单药S-1组为12.0个月,而有可测量病灶者两组MST无差异。类似的结果也见于SPIRITS研究[10]。

2 Ⅳ期胃癌的外科干预

胃空肠吻合、空肠造口、回肠或结肠造口术用于不可切除胃癌伴幽门梗阻和(或)腹腔广泛播散时。即使无法R0切除,如有肿瘤出血或胃肠梗阻,仍建议姑息切除胃部原发灶[24-27]。近年来,消化道内支架技术日趋成熟,应用逐渐增加,但有出血、支架移位等风险。肠内营养技术的发展提供新的姑息治疗方式,通过幽门后的营养管不仅可以进行营养支持,缓解化疗并发症,而且实现了口服氟尿嘧啶类药物的给药[28]。

REGATTA等[29]研究证实,Ⅳ期胃癌原发灶姑息切除可能无法获益。伴单处器官受累的Ⅳ期胃癌可考虑行手术切除,而多处肝转移、腹腔转移、包括16a1、16b2组淋巴结转移则不建议手术切除原发灶。

日本胃癌诊疗指南认为,Ⅳ期胃癌治疗应以化疗为主[2]。Ⅳ期胃癌的MST随着药物的进步而有所延长,但仍达不到让人满意的程度。如前所述,在有效的化疗后,继之予行胃癌原发灶和(或)转移灶的切除能改善患者的生存,其中肝转移和(或)淋巴结转移的患者治疗效果优于腹腔播散[30]。SATOH等[31]报道S-1/CDDP是一种有效的“引导”化疗方案,伴有远处转移或腹膜播散的晚期胃癌能从“引导化疗”有效后的手术中生存获益。

众所周知,晚期胃癌通常是多因素、多途径参与的过程,可能同时存在血行转移、远处淋巴转移及腹膜转移等,究竟哪一部分Ⅳ期胃癌患者能从转化治疗中获益?转化治疗的确切定义是什么?重新认识Ⅳ期胃癌的生物学行为,在转化治疗中有重要意义。

3 根据生物学行为划分的Ⅳ期胃癌新分类法

以往将Ⅳ期胃癌分为有或无腹膜种植转移两类。腹膜种植转移有着与经血行转移完全不同的生物学结局。腹腔种植的最终结局是引起恶性肠梗阻、癌性腹水和恶液质。而经血行途径引起的肝、肺等远处转移者,常死于器官衰竭。目前认为,广泛的腹腔内种植转移难以行完全的手术切除,而局限在某个或某些脏器的远处转移有切除的可能。

根据生物学行为的不同,可将Ⅳ期胃癌新分为四类,如图1所示。

图1 Ⅳ期胃癌新分类和转化治疗策略

其中,没有肉眼种植转移的Ⅳ期胃癌可分为:Ⅰ类,转移灶潜在可切除;Ⅱ类,转移灶大体可切除[32]。有肉眼种植转移的Ⅳ期胃癌可分为:Ⅲ类,不可切除转移灶(但有姑息治疗必要);Ⅳ类:不可切除转移灶。Ⅲ类患者的确认有待于剖腹探查或腹腔镜下探查分期,常规手段往往无法确诊。几乎所有伴腹腔种植转移的胃癌都是不可治愈的,即使治疗前分期认为或可达到病灶的R0切除。不同的肿瘤进展程度、速度和对治疗的敏感度导致Ⅳ期胃癌生存期存在差异。Ⅰ、Ⅱ类患者生存期相对较长,Ⅲ类次之,而Ⅳ类患者只能寄希望以姑息处理。

此分类可理解为“不需引导化疗可手术”和“需引导化疗后可手术”两类。转化治疗的目的是追求化疗后的R0切除[33]。转化治疗的对象主要以Ⅱ类Ⅳ期胃癌为主,包括某些Ⅲ类患者,而Ⅳ类患者几乎无转化治疗的机会。

3.1 Ⅰ类Ⅳ期胃癌(转移灶潜在可切除) 包括单发肝转移合并细胞学阳性,或腹主动脉16a2和(或)16b1组淋巴结转移,可行外科手术切除。

KODERA等[34]报道,细胞学阳性但无肉眼种植灶的Ⅳ期胃癌患者,手术后5年生存期超过20 %。生存显著改善的原因可能是术后口服S-1。化疗后获得R0切除的P0CY1(无腹腔种植,腹腔游离癌细胞阳性)期患者的预后尚不清楚。这些患者能否归为Ⅰ类,尚需要更多的临床证据验证。单发肝转移预后显著优于多发肝转移者,因此强烈推荐同时切除胃癌原发灶和肝脏单发灶[35-38]。

JCOG多项研究[39-43]证明:S-1/CDDP治疗后有效的16a2、16b1组淋巴结转移患者,手术切除后其生存期明显延长。REGATTA试验未包括这类患者,因为从外科角度评估,不管有无新辅助化疗,原发病灶和远处转移淋巴结都可切除。新辅助治疗是指针对可切除胃癌的术前冲击化疗。新辅助化疗联合手术,最终病理可证实达到的缓解程度有完全缓解(CR)、部分缓解(PR)以及稳定(SD),新辅助化疗后若出现新发病灶(进展)则应选择继续姑息化疗。Ⅰ类Ⅳ期胃癌患者可选择新辅助化疗+手术或手术+手术后辅助化疗的治疗路径。

3.2 Ⅱ类Ⅳ期胃癌(转移灶大体可切除) 是指肿瘤学或操作上难以实现切除,手术非治疗的首选方法。包括肝转移灶≥2个;转移灶大小>5 cm;肿瘤靠近肝静脉或门静脉;16a1, 16b2组淋巴结转移或更远的如纵隔、锁骨上或腋窝淋巴结转移。这些患者应该首选转化治疗,因转化治疗可能获得原发病灶和远处转移灶的完全缓解,从而获得原发病灶的切除,使生存延长。如治疗后仅剩孤立转移灶,则可一并切除。Ⅱ类Ⅳ期胃癌人群庞大,转化化疗是其标准治疗策略,医生通过转化性化疗可了解肿瘤对化疗药物的敏感性,治疗后是否进展,以及判断有无手术机会。

3.3 Ⅲ类Ⅳ期胃癌(不可切除转移灶,但有姑息治疗必要) 包括剖腹或腹腔镜探查发现已有腹腔种植转移。化疗能使较大的肿块或腹膜种植灶缩小,但无法达到消除微转移的程度,即使化疗后肿瘤明显退缩[44-46]。当化疗效果明显且腹腔镜探查分期为:CY0和P0者,胃原发癌和(或)转移灶应争取手术切除。这类手术被称为“细胞减灭手术”或“减瘤手术”,因为即使认为切除完整,大部分病例还是会在腹腔内复发。这种“减瘤手术”部分与“转化手术”重叠,患者获益程度还有待进一步的临床观察验证。有单发或多发的肉眼可见的腹腔转移灶,且局限于大小网膜者也被归为此类。这些病灶虽外科可切除,但肿瘤学上是无法根治性清除的。

3.4 Ⅳ类Ⅳ期胃癌(不可切除转移灶) 大部分存在肉眼可见的腹膜播散灶和其他器官转移,被认为是不可切除或不许切除的。极为罕见的病例能获得异常好的化疗后缓解,肿瘤可达到R0切除,但绝大多数患者只能行持续的姑息化疗。也有一些合并出血、胃排出道梗阻的患者需行姑息切除或短路手术。

4 结语

在Ⅳ期胃癌的治疗过程中,手术是转化治疗的重要治疗环节。在前期化疗有效的基础上,手术可延长患者生存期。越来越多的临床证据证明了这一点,但是晚期胃癌转化治疗的定义和手术适应证的选择尚存争议。前述的研究已证实,有部分转移灶可切除的生存期显著优于转移灶不可切除的患者。但也有研究发现,伴腹膜转移的患者在引导化疗有效后行原发灶切除(减瘤手术),其生存期仍是有限的。基于此,转化治疗的意义值得进一步探究。

综合以往Ⅳ期胃癌的临床实践,结合治疗中遇到的困惑,从胃癌生物学及胃癌异质性角度提出的新的分类法,为手术的选择提供了更细化的选择依据。Ⅰ类Ⅳ期胃癌,即无论有无术前化疗转移灶可切除,除非化疗中有新发转移,否则应不被归为转化治疗的范畴。

转化治疗是指化疗联合手术的治疗策略,可定义为:原本局部晚期无法切除或肿瘤学无法根治的胃癌,经化疗后获得R0切除的治疗模式。这类手术称为转化手术或辅助手术。术后应尽早继续化疗,直至肿瘤耐药或不可控的治疗副反应等情况发生。转化手术是以化疗为基石的。挽救手术是指肿瘤侵犯临近组织经化疗或放疗后,对残留灶或局部复发灶追加的切除术。两者主要区别是,挽救手术针对局部晚期肿瘤,而转化治疗兼顾原发灶和转移灶。

上世纪80年代,原发灶联合转移灶切除被认为是减瘤手术,但患者生存率极低,因为当时化疗的有效率仅为20%~30%[18]。日本的多项临床研究认为,以S-1为基础的化疗联合手术使部分患者的病理达到完全缓解。REGATTA试验认为,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类Ⅳ期胃癌在姑息手术后再接受化疗,生存获益极小,应在切除病灶前行化疗[29]。原因可能是:手术前化疗耐受性较好;手术后各类细胞因子活化,刺激肿瘤增殖[47-48]。

综上,转化治疗适合人群是Ⅱ类、部分Ⅲ、Ⅳ类Ⅳ期胃癌患者。在有效的化疗后达到R0切除:原发肿瘤和区域淋巴结完整切除,而转移灶如腹腔种植、肝转移、远隔淋巴结转移等消失。转化治疗还有很多问题缺乏定论,如手术时机如何选择,哪种治疗方案最佳及R0手术后是否继续化疗等。

YOSHIKAWA等[49]认为,胃癌在新辅助化疗两个周期后手术较为合理。参考胃肠道间质瘤的治疗,Ⅳ期胃癌手术最佳时机是化疗后肿瘤缓解最明显时,而不是等到肿瘤进展或复发时。因此,经4~6周期有效的治疗达到CR或PR,可能是转化手术介入的时间点。当然,手术后化疗应该继续,直至化疗耐药、肿瘤进展或出现严重的副反应使化疗终止[50]。

转化治疗是目前Ⅳ期胃癌治疗的方向,迫切需要有更多的前瞻性、随机对照试验去提供证据、指导治疗。

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周 斌,男,医学硕士,主治医师,研究方向:胃肿瘤的临床与基础研究,E-mail: zbjszl@126.com

陈环球,男,主任医师,硕士生导师,擅长胃癌的外科和综合治疗,E-mail: drchenhuanqiu@sina.com

10.3969/j.issn.1674-4136.2016.04.002

1674-4136(2016)04-0217-06

2016-01-05] [本文编辑:李筱蕾]

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