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WHOⅠ级脑膜瘤各亚型MRI表现与病理对照研究

2016-12-03方龙江王永奇尹丹丹

中国临床医学影像杂志 2016年7期
关键词:砂粒脑膜瘤信号强度

张 涛,方龙江,王永奇,尹丹丹

(潍坊市人民医院,山东 潍坊 261041)

WHOⅠ级脑膜瘤各亚型MRI表现与病理对照研究

张涛,方龙江,王永奇,尹丹丹

(潍坊市人民医院,山东 潍坊261041)

目的:分析WHOⅠ级脑膜瘤各亚型MRI表现与病理学的关系,提高对脑膜瘤各亚型的诊断水平。材料和方法:收集手术并经病理证实的WHOⅠ级脑膜瘤131例,术前均行颅脑MR扫描,并对MRI表现进行分析,内容包括:T1WI信号强度、T2WI信号强度、瘤周水肿程度和肿瘤强化程度,分别给予量化,对照病理,行多样本秩和检验,P<0.05有统计学意义。结果:WHOⅠ级脑膜瘤各亚型T1WI信号强度有统计学差异 (χ2=30.4,P<0.001),各亚型T2WI信号强度有统计学差异 (χ2=20.1,P<0.001),各亚型瘤周水肿程度无统计学差异(χ2=9.09,P=0.059),各亚型强化程度有统计学差异(χ2=47.2,P<0.001)。结论:血管瘤型脑膜瘤易与其他亚型脑膜瘤鉴别;上皮型脑膜瘤次之;混合型脑膜瘤、纤维型脑膜瘤及砂粒体型脑膜瘤三者之间不易鉴别,但与血管瘤型脑膜瘤和上皮型脑膜瘤可鉴别。

脑膜瘤;磁共振成像

脑膜瘤是颅内常见肿瘤,其发病率仅次于胶质瘤,居颅内肿瘤的第二位。WHOⅠ级脑膜瘤包括多个亚型,脑膜瘤各亚型的手术方案和预后存在差异,术前准确诊断脑膜瘤各亚型,对手术方案的选择有重要意义。本文通过分析WHOⅠ级脑膜瘤各亚型MRI表现与病理学的关系,提高对脑膜瘤各亚型的诊断水平。

1 资料与方法

1.1临床资料

收集2012年4月—2014年10月在我院手术治疗并经病理证实的WHOⅠ级脑膜瘤131例,按照2007年WHO中枢神经系统肿瘤分类进行组织学分型[1],包括混合型脑膜瘤40例,纤维型脑膜瘤39例,上皮型脑膜瘤25例,血管瘤型脑膜瘤15例,砂粒体型脑膜瘤12例。131例患者中男35例,女96例,男女比例为1∶2.7,年龄10~75岁,中位年龄55岁。

1.2检查方法

使用Siemens AVANTO 1.5T超导型磁共振成像仪。头颅正交线圈,颅脑MR扫描包括SE序列轴位、矢状位T1WI:TR 450.0ms,TE 15.0ms;TSE序列轴位T2WI:TR 5 000.0ms,TE 92.0ms;FLAIR序列:TR 9 100.0 ms,TE 113.0 ms,IR 2 500.0 ms和DWI序列:扩散敏感因子b值分别为0和1000s/mm2,TR 3 400ms,TE 105ms。颅脑MR扫描层厚7.0mm,间隔0.7mm,矩阵179×256,FOV 220mm。颅脑MR强化扫描,对比剂为Gd-DTPA,用量为0.1mmol/kg,经肘静脉快速注入,行SE序列轴位、矢状及冠状位T1WI扫描,参数同平扫T1WI。

1.3图像分析

由两位高级职称的神经影像医师独立对脑膜瘤各亚型MRI表现评分,两者意见不统一时协商给出结论。参照Elster等[2]提出的评分标准:T1WI明显低于灰质而与脑脊液相似为1分,稍低于灰质为2分,等于灰质为3分,稍高于灰质为4分,高于灰质而与脂肪信号接近为5分;T2WI明显低于灰质1分,稍低于灰质为2分,等于灰质为3分,稍高于灰质为4分,高于灰质而与脑脊液信号接近为5分。根据T2WI、FLAIR序列确定有无瘤周水肿,参照Elster等[2]提出的评分标准:以瘤体边缘距水肿边缘的最大宽度为测定值:轻度≤1 cm;中度>1~4 cm;重度>4 cm。脑膜瘤强化程度以海绵窦为参照:高于海绵窦为明显强化,与海绵窦相同或相似为中度强化,低于海绵窦为轻度强化。

1.4统计分析

应用统计软件SPSS 17.0,采用多样本秩和检验对脑膜瘤各亚型的T1WI信号强度、T2WI信号强度、瘤周水肿程度及肿瘤强化程度进行统计分析,P<0.05有统计学意义。

2 结果

131例WHOⅠ级脑膜瘤中,107例行颅脑MR平扫和强化扫描,22例仅行颅脑MR强化扫描,2例仅行颅脑MR平扫。行颅脑MR平扫的109例各亚型的T1WI信号强度、T2WI信号强度和瘤周水肿程度分别见表1~3。行颅脑MR强化扫描的129例各亚型强化程度见表4。脑膜瘤各亚型MRI表现及病理表现见图1~5。

表1 脑膜瘤各亚型T1WI信号强度

表2 脑膜瘤各亚型T2WI信号强度

表3 脑膜瘤各亚型瘤周水肿程度

表4 脑膜瘤各亚型强化程度

3 讨论

3.1脑膜瘤各亚型与MRI信号关系

关于脑膜瘤各亚型的MRI表现与其病理的研究,国内外报道[2-3]多数认为脑膜瘤亚型与T2WI信号强度关系密切。本研究中脑膜瘤各亚型T1WI信号强度、T2WI信号强度有统计学差异,血管瘤型脑膜瘤多为T1WI低信号,T2WI高信号,易与其他亚型鉴别。

血管瘤型脑膜瘤T1WI低信号,T2WI高信号,占本组病例的53.8%,高于其他亚型,与侯刚强等[4]报道血管瘤型脑膜瘤T2WI高信号比例高于其他亚型相一致。血管瘤型脑膜瘤内含有大量不规则血管,其内血流缓慢,采集的信号具有静止血液的部分特性,流入效应参与,因此T2WI呈高信号。

上皮型脑膜瘤T1WI和T2WI以均匀等信号为主。上皮型脑膜瘤由类脑膜上皮细胞组成,细胞排列紧密且均匀,间质较少,多无砂粒体,囊变较少,近似正常脑组织,因此T1WI和T2WI以等信号为主。

砂粒体型脑膜瘤T1WI为稍低或等信号,T2WI为稍低信号、等信号和稍高信号,信号混杂,与郭翠萍等[5]报道一致。砂粒体型脑膜瘤内砂粒体多而明显,砂粒体主要是由附着在漩涡状排列的胶原纤维上的钙化小球不断生长聚集,发生矿化形成的。当砂粒体存在于大部分瘤体时,可动性氢质子减少,T1WI 和T2WI信号减低。肿瘤内砂粒体多处于不同时期[6],其信号呈现多样性。

图1男,56岁,混合型脑膜瘤。图1a:TSE序列T2WI轴位示右顶部见一类圆形稍长T2信号(箭头),其内见不规则长T2信号影(黑箭),邻近颅骨增生;图1b:SE序列T1WI轴位示病灶呈等T1信号,内见长T1信号。图1c:SE序列T1WI轴位,注射Gd-DTPA后,肿瘤(箭头)呈中度不均匀强化,长T2信号区(黑箭)呈明显强化,且强化范围扩大;图1d:HE染色,镜下见上皮型和纤维型两种图像的过渡或混合,排列呈分叶状或束状,出现大量的漩涡状结构。

Figure 1.Transitional meningioma in a 56-year-old male.Figure 1a:Axial T2-weighted image shows a lesion(arrow)affecting the adjacent skull in the right frontoparietal region.The lesion is mildly hyperintense to gray matter,and a hyperintense signal region(black arrow) can be seen in the lesion.Figure 1b:Axial T1-weighted image shows the lesion is isointense to gray matter,and a hypointense signal region can be seen in the lesion.Figure 1c:Postcontrast T1-weighted MR image shows heterogeneous enhancement,and the hyperintense singal region on T2-weighted image shows solid enhancement and expands.Figure 1d:Photomicrograph(original magnification;hematoxylin and eosin stain)shows a mix of two types of endothelial and fibrous meningioma,and cells are arranged in lobulated or beam shape.A lot of vortex structure can be seen.

图2女,66岁,纤维型脑膜瘤。图2a:TSE序列T2WI轴位示右额部大脑镰旁见类圆形混杂信号影(箭头),以稍长T2信号为主,其内可见裂隙状长T2信号;图2b:SE序列T1WI轴位示病灶呈稍长T1信号;图2c:SE序列T1WI轴位,注射Gd-DTPA后,肿瘤(箭头)呈中度不均匀强化,见片状低信号;图2d:HE染色,镜下见肿瘤细胞为长梭形,平行或束状排列在网状纤维或胶原纤维基质内。

Figure 2.Fibrous meningioma in a 66-year-old female.Figure 2a:Axial T2-weighted image shows a heterogeneous lesion(arrow)in the right frontal region abutting the falx cerebri that is mildly hyperintense to gray matter.A slit-shaped hyperintense signal region can be seen in the lesion.Figure 2b:Axial T1-weighted image shows the lesion is mildly hypointense to gray matter.Figure 2c:Postcontrast T1-weighted MR image shows heterogeneous enhancement.Figure 2d:Photomicrograph(original magnification;hematoxylin and eosin stain)shows the tumor cells are long spindle like,arranged in bundles in the reticular fiber or collagen matrix.

纤维型脑膜瘤T1WI以等或稍低信号为主,T2WI以等或稍高信号为主,信号混杂,与张晓楠等[7]报道一致。纤维型脑膜瘤由长梭形的纤维状细胞组成,网状纤维和胶原纤维较多,可出现砂粒体结构。王永奇等[8]认为当纤维型脑膜瘤含砂粒体较多时与砂粒体型脑膜瘤在病理学上难以区分。

混合型脑膜瘤是纤维型和上皮型脑膜瘤之间的过渡类型,有形成砂粒体倾向,T2WI和T1WI以等信号为主,可见T1WI稍低信号或T2WI稍高信号,信号较混杂。

3.2脑膜瘤各亚型与瘤周水肿程度的关系

本组脑膜瘤各亚型瘤周水肿程度无统计学差异,但血管瘤型脑膜瘤发生瘤周水肿比例明显高于其他亚型,与徐鹏等[9]报道一致。血管瘤型脑膜瘤和上皮型脑膜瘤瘤周水肿以中、重度水肿为主,发生比例分别为77.0%和66.7%。混合型、纤维型和砂粒体型脑膜瘤瘤周水肿以轻、中度水肿为主,发生比例分别为51.4%、51.6%和70%。脑膜瘤瘤周水肿属于血管源性水肿,成因复杂,是多种机制共同参与的结果[10-11],由于脑膜瘤对局部脑组织的压迫或侵袭造成肿瘤-脑组织界面的连接结构疏松,正常血脑屏障被破坏;脑膜瘤产生的血管内皮生长因子通过破坏的血脑屏障进入脑实质,刺激血管内皮细胞增生,血管通透性增加,导致血浆渗漏,引起瘤周水肿。血管瘤型脑膜瘤内含有大量管壁厚薄不均的血管,多数血管有透明样变性,通透性增加,其内血管内皮生长因子过度表达,使血管通透性进一步增高,因此血管瘤型脑膜瘤较其他亚型更易出现瘤周水肿,且瘤周水肿程度较重。

图3男,45岁,上皮型脑膜瘤。图3a:TSE序列T2WI轴位示大脑镰旁见类圆形等T2信号(箭头),周围脑实质见中度瘤周水肿;图3b:SE序列T1WI轴位示病灶呈等T1信号;图3c:SE序列T1WI轴位,注射Gd-DTPA后,大脑镰旁肿瘤(箭头)呈中度均匀强化;图3d:HE染色,镜下见肿瘤细胞的核为圆形或椭圆形,核仁不明显,胞浆嗜酸性,呈大小不等同心圆状或漩涡状排列。

Figure 3.Meningothelial meningioma in a 45-year-old male.Figure 3a:Axial T2-weighted image shows a lesion(arrow)abutting the falx cerebri that is nearly isointense with cortial gray matter,and there is a moderate degree of edema in the adjacent brain parenchyma.Figure 3b:Axial T1-weighted image shows the lesion is nearly isointense with cortial gray matter.Figure 3c:Postcontrast T1-weighted MR image shows moderately homogeneous enhancement(arrow).Figure 3d:Photomicrograph(original magnification;hematoxylin and eosin stain)shows the nucli of tumor cells are round or oval,lack of nucleoli,with various sizes,arranged in concentric rings or vortex pattern.The cell cytoplasm is eosinophilic.

图4男,64岁,血管瘤型脑膜瘤。图4a:TSE序列T2WI轴位。左顶部见类圆形长T2信号(箭头),边缘可见流空信号影(黑箭),周围脑实质见重度瘤周水肿;图4b:SE序列T1WI轴位示病灶呈长T1信号;图4c:SE序列T1WI轴位。注射Gd-DTPA后,肿瘤(箭头)呈明显均匀强化,水肿区未见强化;图4d:HE染色,镜下见富含血管,血管腔小,管壁薄,部分管壁透明变性。

Figure 4.Angiomatous meningioma in a 64-year-old male.Figure 4a:Axial T2-weighted image shows a lesion(arrow)in the left parietal region that is hyperintense to gray matter.Flow voids(black arrow)are seen around the mass,and there is severe edema in the adjacent brain parenchyma.Figure 4b:Axial T1-weighted image shows the lesion is hypointense to gray matter.Figure 4c:Postcontrast T1-weighted MR image shows solid homogeneous enhancement(arrow).Figure 4d:Photomicrograph(original magnification;hematoxylin and eosin stain)shows the tumor is rich of blood vessels.The vascular cavity is small,with thin wall,and part of the vessel wall is hyalinized.

3.3脑膜瘤各亚型与强化表现的关系

脑膜瘤各亚型强化程度有统计学差异。血管瘤型脑膜瘤以明显均匀强化为主,占本组病例的73.3%,与Liu等[12]报道血管瘤型脑膜瘤高度均匀强化相符。血管瘤型脑膜瘤血供丰富,其内含有大量的不规则血管,血管几乎成为肿瘤的主要成分,对比剂进入血管后肿瘤T1值降低,肿瘤明显强化。上皮型脑膜瘤由类脑膜上皮细胞组成,细胞排列紧密且均匀,间质较少,强化多均匀,以中度强化为主。混合型、纤维型和砂粒体型脑膜瘤以轻、中度强化为主,因肿瘤内出现囊变及钙化可呈现不均匀强化。

本组9例脑膜瘤见长T1长T2裂隙区于增强扫描时明显强化,且强化范围略大于裂隙区范围,包括混合型脑膜瘤5例,纤维型脑膜瘤3例,砂粒体型脑膜瘤1例,血管瘤型脑膜瘤和上皮型脑膜瘤未见此征象,目前未见文献报道。笔者推测由于肿瘤生长快,血管不成熟,血管内皮细胞之间连接松散,基底膜厚壁不均或断裂,通透性高,对比剂渗透进入小裂隙,呈现明显强化。据此征象可除外血管瘤型脑膜瘤和上皮型脑膜瘤,但本组病例中出现此征象例数较少,尚需大样本病例验证。

图5女,53岁,砂粒体型脑膜瘤。图5a:TSE序列T2WI轴位示顶部大脑镰左旁见类圆形混杂信号影(箭头),以稍长T2信号为主,内见稍短T2信号(白箭)和长T2信号(黑箭),瘤周见轻度水肿;图5b:SE序列T1WI轴位示肿瘤(箭头)以稍长T1信号为主,内见长T1信号(黑箭);图5c:SE序列T1WI轴位,注射Gd-DTPA后,肿瘤(箭头)呈不均匀强化,稍短T2信号区强化相对明显(黑箭),长T2信号区呈低信号(白箭)。图5d: HE染色,镜下见肿瘤中大量层状钙化小体(砂粒体)及囊变区。

Figure 5.Psammomatous meningioma in a 53-year-old female.Figure 5a:Axial T2-weighted image shows a heterogeneous lesion(arrow) abutting the left side to the falx cerebri that is mildly hyperintense to gray matter,and regions of hypointense signal(white arrow)and hyperintense signal(black arrow)can be seen in the lesion.There is mild edema in the adjacent brain parenchyma.Figure 5b:Axial T1-weighted image shows the lesion is mild hypointense to gray matter,and a hypointense singal region(black arrow)can be seen in the lesion.Figure 5c: Postcontrast T1-weighted MR image shows heterogeneous enhancement.The hypointense singal region on T2-weighted image shows solid enhancement(black arrow),and the hyperintense singal region on T2-weighted image shows hypointense singal to gray matter(white arrow).Figure 5d:Photomicrograph(original magnification;hematoxylin and eosin stain)shows cystic areas and amount of lamellar calcified bodies in tumor.

本组12例脑膜瘤见长T1短T2信号区于增强扫描时强化,包括混合型脑膜瘤4例,纤维型脑膜瘤5例,砂粒体型脑膜瘤3例。笔者认为混合型、纤维型及砂粒体型脑膜瘤均可有砂粒体出现,砂粒体内残留有肿瘤细胞和胶原纤维,注射对比剂后,残留肿瘤细胞出现强化或渗透到变性组织间出现强化,Lee 等[13]报道完全钙化的脑膜瘤见大部分强化。

3.4MRI对脑膜瘤亚型的诊断价值

本组病例中血管瘤型脑膜瘤 T1WI低信号,T2WI高信号常见,瘤周水肿出现率高,瘤周水肿中重度为主,明显均匀强化;上皮型脑膜瘤T1WI和T2WI均匀等信号常见,瘤周水肿中重度为主,中度强化;混合型脑膜瘤、纤维型脑膜瘤及砂粒体型脑膜瘤信号混杂,T1WI和T2WI信号重叠多,瘤周水肿轻中度为主,轻中度强化常见,强化可不均匀。血管瘤型脑膜瘤易与其他亚型脑膜瘤鉴别;上皮型脑膜瘤次之;混合型脑膜瘤、纤维型脑膜瘤及砂粒体型脑膜瘤三者之间不易鉴别,与血管瘤型脑膜瘤和上皮型脑膜瘤可鉴别。但脑膜瘤各亚型MRI表现仍然存在重叠,部分结论尚需进一步的论证。

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A correlative study between MRI features and pathology in subtypes of WHO gradeⅠ meningiomas

ZHANG Tao,FANG Long-jiang,WANG Yong-qi,YIN Dan-dan
(Weifang People’s Hospital,Weifang Shandong 261041,China)

Objective:To review the relationship between MRI features and pathology in subtypes of WHO gradeⅠmeningiomas,and to improve the skill in diagnosis.M ethods:MRI features and pathology of 131 surgically treated WHO gradeⅠ meningiomas were retrospectively reviewed.The MRI features of meningioma were analyzed,including signal intensity on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images,peritumoral brain edema,and degree of enhancement in contrast-enhanced MRI.These features were scored according to their criteria.The correlation between MR features and pathology was calculated by Kruskal-Wallis Htest(P<0.05).Results:T1WI signal intensity in subtypes was statistically different(χ2=30.4,P<0.001),and T2WI signal intensity in subtypes was statistically different(χ2=20.1,P<0.001).Peritumoral brain edema in subtypes was not statistically different(χ2=9.09,P=0.059).Enhancement degree in subtypes was statistically different(χ2=47.2,P<0.001).Conclusion:The angiomatous meningioma is the easiest to be identified from other subtypes.The meningothelial meningioma is easier to be identified from other subtypes.Transitional,fibrous and psammomatous meningioma are hard to be identified from each other,but easier to be identified from angiomatous meningioma and meningothelial meningioma.

Meningioma;Magnetic resonance imaging

R739.45;R445.2

A

1008-1062(2016)07-0457-05

2015-11-18;

2015-11-25

张涛(1970-),男,山东寿光人,副主任医师。E-mail:zhangtao8517208@126.com

方龙江,潍坊市人民医院,261041。E-mail:fanglongjiang123@163.com

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