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聚合酶链反应与血清酶联免疫吸附试验在生殖器疱疹中的应用对比分析

2016-11-26王兰芳林娟王小敏吉贞料

中国性科学 2016年9期

王兰芳 林娟 王小敏 吉贞料

【摘要】目的:考察聚合酶链反应(PCR)与血清酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)在生殖器疱疹中的应用效果差异。方法:选取140例生殖器皮肤、黏膜损伤患者,分别采用聚合酶链反应与血清酶联免疫吸附试验检测标本中单纯疱疹病毒,对两种结果不符患者采用第二种PCR进行检测。结果:140例样本中,PCR检测出阳性样本59例,单纯HSV-1感染患者6例,单纯HSV-2感染患者46例,混合感染患者7例。ELISA检出阳性样本57例。140例样本中,有17例结果不符,采用第二种PCR进行检查证实,ELISA检测法敏感性为96.3%、特异性为98.8%、阳性预测值为89.8%。PCR法敏感性为97.1%、特异性为92.8%、阳性预测值为95.6%。结论:相比于PCR法,ELISA法具有更高的敏感度和特异性,避免了样本间的相互污染,具有临床应用价值。

【关键词】生殖器疱疹;PCR检测;ELISA检测

【Abstract】Objectives: To compare the detection effect of polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay on herpes simplex virus infection. Methods: A total of 140 patients were selected in this study. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) were used to detect herpes simplex virus respectively. Another PCR method was applied when the results were different.Results: Among those 140 patients, through PCR, there were 57 positive cases, 6 cases of HSV-1 infection, 46 cases of HSV-2 Infection and 7 cases of mixed infection detected. Through ELISA, there were 59 positive cases. Among 140 cases, 17 cases showed no coherent results. In comparison with PCR detection, the sensitivities, specificities and positive predictive values of ELISA were 96.3%, 98.8%, and 89.8%, PCR were 97.1%, 92.8% and 95.6% respectively. Conclusion: It is indicated that ELISA is simple, rapid, high sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of genital herpes; the method is suitable for the testing of large batches of clinical specimens, which is recommended for clinical application.

【Key words】Genital herpes; Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection; Enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) detection

【中图分类号】R752.1【文献标志码】A

生殖器疱疹(genital herpes,GH)是临床上最为常见的性传播疾病之一,感染患者不仅生理健康受到严重威胁,还会显著影响患者生存质量[1,2]。精确的诊断是治疗生殖器疱疹的基础,然而目前临床上多以临床经验进行诊断,错误率较高且敏感度较低[3,4]。PCR和ELISA是两种常用的病毒感染临床检验方法,分别检测病原的DNA和蛋白质[5,6]。然而,两种方法应用于生殖器疱疹病毒的检测效果却少有比较。

1材料与方法

1.1病人

选取门诊收治的疑似生殖器疱疹病毒感染患者140例,入选标准:(1)年龄15~70岁;(2)生殖器部位皮肤或黏膜损伤;(3)近2周内未服用抗病毒药物或抗生素,损害局部未用药。患者知情同意后,取局部渗出液或水泡液送检,分别进行PCR和ELISA检测。

1.2检测

PCR检测采用单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ和Ⅱ型核酸分型检测试剂盒(中山大学达安基因股份有限公司,批号H20131025)及HSV核酸扩增试剂盒(中山大学达安基因股份有限公司,批号H20140219),先使用分型检测试剂盒进行检测,若检测结果与ELISA检测不相同则使用HSV核酸扩增试剂盒进行第二次检测。ELISA检测采用单纯疱疹病毒抗原酶联免疫试剂盒(丹麦DAKO公司,批号K20140513)。检测步骤均严格依照说明书进行。

1.3统计学方法

使用SPSS 19.0软件统计分析,计数资料采用率表示,计算ELISA和PCR法测定的敏感性、特异性、阴性及阳性预测值。

2结果

2.1检测情况

入选样本140例,其中男性97例,女性43例。年龄17~69岁,平均(37.9±7.2)岁。PCR检测出阳性样本59例检出率42.1%,单纯HSV-1感染患者6例,单纯HSV-2感染患者46例,混合感染患者7例。ELISA检出阳性样本57例检出率40.7%。140例样本中,有12例结果不符,采用第二种PCR进行检查证实,具体结果见表1。

2.2两种诊断方法评价

利用两种诊断方法进行检测,出现9例ELISA检测阴性而PCR-HSV阳性,经第二次PCR后6例阴性,3例阳性。而3例ELISA检测阳性而PCR-HSV阴性样本中,经第二次PCR后1例阴性,2例阳性。分型PCR的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率和阴性预测率分别为96.3%、92.8%、89.8%、94.4%。ELISA的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率和阴性预测率分别为97.1%、98.8%、95.6%、94.0%。

3讨论

性传播疾病中生殖器疱疹病毒感染最为常见,且HSV感染常与HIV感染并发,有研究称HSV感染会促进HIV的传播[7]。流行病学调查显示,我国的生殖器疱疹发病率为万分之一至万分之五[8-10]。目前,对于生殖器疱疹的诊断主要依据患者的临床症状进行判断,但是部分患者临床症状不典型或合并了其他疾病如梅毒、尖锐湿疣等[11-13],增加了检测难度,因此依据实验室检查增加检测灵敏度和特异性有助于改善HSV感染患者的治疗。

目前,对于HSV实验室检测的方法包括:血清抗体[14]、PCR[15]、细胞培养[16]和抗原检测等[17]。细胞培养灵敏度和特异性最佳,但其技术要求较高,培养周期较长不适合临床应用。血清抗体检测最为方便快捷,但其灵敏度和特异性较差[18]。ELISA和PCR是两种灵敏度、特异性较高且临床应用较为简便的实验室检测方法。PCR法敏感性高,在痕量组织中便可以扩增到目的条带,尤其是随着酶学的进步各种高保真扩增酶和抗杂质扩增酶的出现使得PCR检测法可以良好的检测样本。然而由于PCR反应过于灵敏因此其容易出现样本间的污染导致假阳性,特异性较低。ELISA法同样具有较高的敏感性,且特异性也具有较高的保障,但操作较PCR复杂[20]。本研究中分型PCR的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率和阴性预测率分别为96.3%、92.8%、89.8%、94.4%,也侧面证实了这一情况。ELISA法是检测HSV的保守蛋白,由于检测反应不涉及扩增操作,因此不容易出现样本间的污染。本研究证实,ELISA的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率和阴性预测率分别为97.1%、98.8%、95.6%、94.0%,与分型PCR法相比较具有更高的特异性和阳性预测率。然而,由于本研究中应用的ELISA检测试剂盒无法进行分型检测,因此对于需要具体鉴别HSV亚型的情况可以联合应用两种检测方法以提高检测准确性。

综上所述,相比于PCR法,ELISA法具有更高的敏感度和特异性,避免了样本间的相互污染,具有临床应用价值。

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(收稿日期:2015-11-02)