血栓抽吸联合替罗非班及硝普钠对急性心肌梗死患者无复流的影响
2016-05-14毛幼林黄琼王瑞敏
毛幼林 黄琼 王瑞敏
[摘要] 目的 评价急性心肌梗死患者中行血栓抽吸联合替罗非班及硝普钠治疗对无复流或慢血流的影响。 方法 入选2013年1月~2014年12月急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者118例,随机分为试验组和对照组各59例,两组患者均进行血栓抽吸。试验组患者在抽吸治疗后冠状动脉内给予替罗非班及硝普钠,对照组患者抽吸后直接行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)。比较两组患者PCI术后无复流及慢血流发生率的差异、心功能改善、并发症及主要心血管不良事件。 结果 两组患者的临床基线资料及PCI前的TIMI血流、EF无显著差异。试验组PCI术后无复流发生率明显低于对照组,达到TIMI3级对照组42.37%,试验组48.74%,P=0.026。心功能在1周明显改善,心脏彩超射血分数值在对照组(48.75±10.60)%,试验组(53.12±11.37)%,P=0.035。两组患者均未发生严重并发症。随访6个月两组患者均未发生主要心血管不良事件。 结论 急性心肌梗死患者PCI中血栓抽吸联合替罗非班及硝普钠,有助于降低无复流的发生率,有良好的安全性和可行性。
[关键词] ST抬高型心肌梗死;无复流;血栓抽吸;替罗非班;硝普钠
[中图分类号] R542.2 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2016)07-0025-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the effect of thrombosis aspiration combined with injection of tirofiban and nitroprusside on no reflow or slow flow of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods A total of 118 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with emergency percutaneous coronary injection (PCI) during Jan 2013 to Dec 2014 were randomly divided into control group (thrombus aspiration only)and observation group(thrombus aspiration and intracoronary tirofiban combined with sodium nitroprusside injection) with 59 patients in each group. Baseline clinical data, TIMI blood flow and ejection fraction(EF) were compared in two groups. EF and adverse events were also compared in 7 days after PCI. The major adverse cardiac event(MACE) was compared in 1 and 6 months after PCI. Results The baseline clinical characteristics data, TIMI blood flow and EF were similar between the two groups before PCI(P>0.05). TIMI3 blood flow was improved in observation group than in control group(48.74% vs 42.37%,P=0.026). EF at 7 days after PCI in observation group were superior to those in control group with the significant difference[(48.75±10.60)% vs (53.12±11.37)%,P=0.035]. The complication rate of bleeding was similar between two groups. The MACE was similar between two groups in 1 and 6 months follow up after PCI. Conclusion Intracoronary administration of tirofiban combined with nitroprusside through thrombus aspiration catheter during PCI in STEMI patients with heavy thrombosis burden can improve reperfusion in the infarction area and clinical results and it is safe.
[Key words] ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction; No reflow; Thrombosis aspiration; Tirofiban; Sodium nitroprusside
急诊PCI已成为急性ST段抬高心肌梗死的主要治疗手段。但是,急性心肌梗死患者的冠状动脉内的血栓负荷重,在急诊行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)时无复流或慢血流的发生率相对较高,影响患者的临床预后。本研究旨在观察经桡动脉途径接受急诊PCI时行血栓抽吸联合替罗非班及硝普钠对急性心肌梗死患者无复流现象的临床效果,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2013年1月~2014年12月在我院心内科接受急诊PCI的急性心肌梗死患者118例。入选标准:确诊ST段抬高急性心肌梗死患者,接受急诊PCI,造影证实冠状动脉完全闭塞,TIMI评分0级,患者签署试验同意书。排除标准:合并凝血疾病和血小板减少等严重血液系统疾病;伴发严重肝肾功能不全或恶性肿瘤。患者随机分为对照组59例,试验组59例。试验组患者在抽吸治疗后冠状动脉内给予硝普钠及替罗非班,对照组患者抽吸后直接行PCI治疗。试验组患者在抽吸治疗后冠状动脉内给予硝普钠及替罗非班,对照组患者抽吸后直接接受PCI。两组患者在性别、年龄、吸烟、既往史、发病至开通时间、心功能Killip分级及梗死相关动脉等方面进行比较,差异无统计学意义,见表1、2。
1.2 方法
所有患者急诊行PCI术前均给予阿司匹林300 mg及氯吡格雷600 mg口服。手术入路均采用经桡动脉途径,使用抽吸导管在血栓病变部位反复抽吸,直至血栓减少或消失,前向血流改善。试验组患者在抽吸治疗后经抽吸导管中心腔冠状动脉内给予硝普钠(武汉人福药业有限责任公司,国药准字H20065354)50 μg及替罗非班(远大医药中国有限公司,国药准字14016520H)0.5 mg,对照组患者抽吸后直接PCI。
1.3 观察指标
1.3.1 术前及术后即刻靶病变血管TIMl分级 TIMI(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction)血流分级用于评价急性冠脉综合征冠状动脉造影的结果。参照1998年第8期中国内科杂志高润霖教授给予的释义,分为4级。TIMI 0 级:无再灌注或闭塞远端无血流。
TIMI1级:部分灌注,造影剂部分通过闭塞部位,但不能使远端冠状动脉充分显影。TIMI2级:部分再灌注或造影剂能完全充盈冠状动脉远端,但造影剂进入和清除的速度都较正常的冠状动脉慢。TIMI3级:完全再灌注,造影剂在冠状动脉内能迅速充盈和清除。
1.3.2 两组患者术后1周心功能的比较 心脏功能用射血分数进行评估。心脏在收缩与舒张过程中血液的搏出量与心室舒张时的容积的百分比在医学上被称为“射血分数”(ejection fraction,EF)。
1.3.3 两组患者术后1周并发症比较 观察患者术后1周的并发症发生情况,包括各种冠脉介入治疗并发症中冠状动脉穿孔、无复流、支架血栓、支架脱载及术后出血等。
1.3.4 两组患者术后6个月MACE比较 观察患者术后6个月的主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiac event,MACE ),包括死亡、发生非致命的心肌梗死及靶病变血运重建。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS17.0统计学软件,计量资料以(x±s)表示,并行t检验,计数资料采用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者血流恢复比较
两组PCI术前靶病变血管TIMI分级比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组PCI术后无复流发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.2 两组患者术后1周心功能的比较
试验组与对照组PCI术前心功能(EF)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组PCI术后1周心功能EF值(53.12±11.37)%,对照组EF值(48.75±10.60)%,t=5.782,P=0.035。试验组PCI术后1周心功能明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。详见表4。
2.3 两组患者术后1周并发症比较
两组患者术后1周均未出现严重的出血并发症。其中试验组牙龈出血1例,粪便潜血阳性1例;对照组皮肤偶发瘀点1例,粪便潜血阳性1例,2组患者小出血发生率相同,均无危及生命的大出血事件。
2.4 两组患者术后1个月及6个月MACE比较
两组患者术后6个月通过随访,两组患者均无死亡、心肌梗死和靶血管再次血运重建。其中对照组有1例患者偶有劳力性心绞痛发生实验组无患者出现心绞痛症状。
3 讨论
急性心肌梗死患者具有很高的病死率。对急性心肌梗死患者进行急诊PCI能够开通靶病变血管,明显改善预后。但是,有13%~80.9%的急性心肌梗死患者在急诊PCI时发生无复流,并且导致患者的预后差[1]。
对于无复流,目前的防治措施有血栓抽吸及药物治疗。既往在指南中推荐在急性心肌梗死患者进行PCI时行血栓抽吸治疗,但近期包括TASTE[2]及INFUSE-AMI等[3]研究认为血栓抽吸并不改善患者的预后,因此目前对血栓抽吸有一定的争议。我们认为,血栓抽吸合并冠状动脉内药物治疗,优于单纯的血栓抽吸治疗。
既往在无复流中实验性使用了许多药物。但近期大量的研究发现,对于无复流的防治药物,有些药物证实是无效甚至是有害的,比如硝酸酯类药物对无复流的治疗是无效。因为硝酸酯类药物需要通过内皮细胞代谢作用才能产生一氧化氮,但是冠状动脉远端微小血管没有这种功能。Tanner等[4]研究发现硝酸甘油对直径小于100 mm的冠状微动脉扩张作用非常微弱。
无复流的机制,主要是微血管的痉挛与微血栓的形成。本实验选择冠脉内注射硝普钠治疗无复流。硝普钠是目前最强效的血管扩张剂,在血管内形成具有强大的舒张血管平滑肌的缓激肽[5]。硝普钠能够预防与对抗微血管痉挛,有研究发现血栓抽吸合并硝普钠治疗急性心肌梗死患者能够预防无复流的发生[6]。血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa(GPⅡb/Ⅲa)受体拮抗剂替罗非班是目前强效的血小板聚集抑制剂, 预防与治疗微血栓的形成,并且能够改善血管内皮功能[7,8]。本实验认为,同样接受急诊PCI血栓抽吸的患者,同时给予替罗非班联合硝普钠,能够减少无复流发生。这与有些研究结果是一致的[9-13]。但是,也有些研究者有不同的观点[14]。
本实验通过评估替罗非班联合硝普钠联合血栓抽吸对急性心肌梗死患者急诊冠脉介入术后无复流发生的防治作用,得出了替罗非班联合硝普钠联合血栓抽吸使用,与单纯血栓抽吸比较,能明显减少急性心肌梗死患者急诊冠脉介入术后无复流的发生的结论。
对于无复流是否有更佳的药物组合,需要进一步观察比较。
[参考文献]
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(收稿日期:2015-12-28)