大菱鲆血清免疫球蛋白IgM单克隆抗体的制备及其特性分析*
2016-04-07唐小千绳秀珍战文斌
张 伟, 唐小千, 绳秀珍, 邢 婧, 战文斌
(中国海洋大学水产动物病害与免疫学研究室, 山东 青岛 266003)
大菱鲆血清免疫球蛋白IgM单克隆抗体的制备及其特性分析*
张伟, 唐小千, 绳秀珍, 邢婧, 战文斌**
(中国海洋大学水产动物病害与免疫学研究室, 山东 青岛 266003)
摘要:本研究运用硫酸铵盐析法结合Protein A亲和层法从大菱鲆血清中分离、纯化免疫球蛋白IgM。SDS-PAGE分析结果显示,纯化的血清IgM主要有2条蛋白带,分子量分别为78和27kDa,分别为大菱鲆IgM的重链与轻链。以纯化的IgM免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞进行细胞融合,将融合后的细胞置于含HAT的培养基中培养。利用ELISA和Western blotting筛选杂交瘤,并利用有限稀释法对阳性杂交瘤进行单克隆,最终共获得3株抗大菱鲆血清IgM单克隆抗体,分别命名为1B2、1G4和2A1,抗体分型结果显示3株单抗均属IgG。Western blotting结果显示,单抗1B2和1G4可特异性识别大菱鲆IgM重链蛋白,而单抗2A1则特异性识别轻链蛋白。同时,以制备的腹水单抗1G4结合免疫荧光检测显示,单抗1G4可识别大菱鲆外周血、脾及前肾组织中表面IgM阳性(sIgM+)细胞;流式细胞术分析显示,大菱鲆外周血、脾和前肾白细胞中sIgM+细胞比例分别为48.07%,20.05%和18.45%。研究结果显示,制备的抗大菱鲆血清IgM单抗特异性高、反应性强,可为研究大菱鲆免疫系统及免疫应答动态提供有力的工具。
关键词:大菱鲆;血清IgM;单克隆抗体;免疫荧光;流式细胞术
大菱鲆(Scophthalmusmaximus)是原产欧洲的海洋底栖扁平鱼类,属于蝶形目(Pleuronetiformes)鲆科(Bothidea)菱鲆属(Scophthalmus),因其具有生长快、易接受配合饵料、肉质鲜美等优点,于1992年被引进中国并进行广泛养殖。随着大菱鲆养殖业的迅猛发展,养殖密度和集约化程度不断提高,大菱鲆细菌性、病毒性疾病及寄生虫疾病日趋严重[1-4],给大菱鲆养殖造成了很大损失,严重制约着大菱鲆养殖产业健康可持续发展。免疫防治是今后鱼类养殖的病害防治的主流发展趋势,要科学有效地实施免疫防治,除了免疫制剂的研发以外,还必须对鱼体免疫系统及免疫应答规律开展深入透彻的研究。近年来,关于鱼类免疫球蛋白结构、理化特点及免疫学特性等已有较为全面的研究,证实鱼体内存在多种类型的免疫球蛋白,包括IgM、IgD和IgT/IgZ[5]。其中,IgM是鱼类中最早被发现的一类免疫球蛋白[6],在鱼体内IgM主要以分泌型和膜结合型2种形式存在。分泌型的IgM主要以四聚体的形式主要分布于鱼类血液和黏液等液体中,具有抗菌、抗病毒、中和毒素等免疫活性,也可介导凝集作用和调理作用[7]。膜结合型IgM分布于B淋巴细胞表面,可以作为膜表面抗原受体,是B淋巴细胞识别抗原的重要物质基础。
单克隆抗体由于其特异性强、灵敏度高等优点,成为研究鱼类免疫球蛋白和免疫细胞的重要工具。近年来,世界范围内纷纷研制重要经济鱼类IgM的单克隆抗体,对鱼免疫应答机理等方面开展了广泛研究[8-10]。有关大菱鲆免疫球蛋白IgM单克隆抗体研制的研究也已有报道[11-12],但未利用研制的单抗对IgM表面阳性(sIgM+)细胞在免疫器官内的分布特性及鱼体免疫应答开展研究。本研究通过分离纯化得到大菱鲆血清IgM,并以此为抗原免疫小鼠制备其特异性单克隆抗体,利用制备的抗体对大菱鲆外周血、前肾和脾中抗体阳性细胞比例进行分析。本研究为今后开展大菱鲆免疫系统及免疫应答动态研究提供了有力工具。
1材料与方法
1.1 大菱鲆血清IgM的纯化
在35℃条件下,用普通牛肉蛋白胨琼脂培养迟钝爱德华氏菌40h,收集的菌体以无菌PBS离心洗涤后,以福尔马林灭活(0.5% v/v);以灭活迟钝爱德华氏菌(1×108cell/mL)与弗氏不完全佐剂等体积混匀,腹腔注射免疫健康大菱鲆((500±50)g),每尾注射100μL。免疫后35天尾静脉采血,室温放置1h后置于4℃过夜,次日3000g离心15min,吸取上层血清,将血清与等体积PBS混合后,逐滴加入饱和硫酸铵,使硫酸铵终浓度为50%,充分搅拌后4℃静置过夜。次日8000g离心30min,弃上清,沉淀溶解于适量0.02mol/L磷酸钠缓冲液(PB,Na2HPO4·12H2O·0.012mol/L,NaH2PO4·2H2O·0.008mol/L,pH=7.0),加入透析袋中,并用相同缓冲液透析去除硫酸铵,透析后样品经0.22μm滤膜过滤,接下来利用1mL HiTrap®Protein A Sepharose亲和层析预装柱进一步纯化,具体步骤参照李强的方法[13]。将收集样品经超纯水透析后进行冷冻干燥,以0.01mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,pH=7.4)将冻干后的蛋白浓度调整为1mg/mL,采用SDS-PAGE分析样品的纯度和相对分子量。
1.2 单克隆抗体的制备
以大菱鲆血清IgM为抗原免疫4周龄BALB/c小鼠,末次免疫后第3天取免疫小鼠脾脏细胞与骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,融合后待杂交瘤细胞群落长到占96孔培养板孔底1/3时,利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)进行初筛。具体免疫、融合和ELISA筛选过程序参照Li等进行[9]。将阳性杂交瘤细胞转移到24孔板扩大培养,再次经ELISA和Western blotting进行检测,然后利用有限稀释法对结果呈阳性的杂交瘤细胞进行克隆,对克隆后的杂交瘤细胞进行扩大培养,经抗体类型分析后冻存于液氮。
1.3 Western blotting
将纯化的大菱鲆血清IgM定电经SDS-PAGE后,转移到聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜(恒定电压30V,90min),在37℃条件下以BSA封闭1h。PVDF膜经PBST洗涤后,置于阳性杂交瘤细胞上清中,37℃孵育1h,阴性对照样品置于骨髓瘤上清中孵育。膜经PBST清洗后置于以PBS稀释的碱性磷酸酶标记的羊抗小鼠多抗(Sigma,1∶5000)中,37℃孵育45min,经PBST洗涤后加入NBT-BCIP底物发色液发色,显色后用超纯水清洗终止反应,拍摄记录反应结果。
1.4 免疫荧光与流式细胞术
将分泌单抗1G4的单克隆细胞接种到预先注射液体石蜡的小鼠腹腔中,制备腹水单抗,利用辛酸-硫酸铵法纯化腹水,SDS-PAGE检测纯度,ELISA测定效价。具体操作参照文献[14]。
参考[13]利用Percoll不连续密度梯度离心法分别从3条健康大菱鲆(体重(500±50)g)中提取外周血、脾和前肾的白细胞,将同组织的等量白细胞混合后,调整细胞浓度为5×105cell/mL,加入单抗1G4,37℃孵育1h,阴性对照样品以PBS孵育,然后以含5%新生牛血清的PBS对孵育后的白细胞进行离心洗涤。洗涤后的白细胞加入异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)标记的羊抗鼠多抗(Sigma,1∶256),37℃孵育45min,离心洗涤后取适量细胞悬液滴于载玻片上,沉降后利用荧光显微镜观察,剩余细胞进行流式细胞术分析。
2结果
2.1 大菱鲆血清IgM的纯化
大菱鲆血清经硫酸铵粗提后,可获得较大含量的IgM蛋白分子,但仍混有较多的杂蛋白。利用Protein A亲和层析柱对盐析粗提物进一步纯化,得到的样品经SDS-PAGE分析显示,杂蛋白明显减少,呈现出2条主要蛋白带,相对分子质量分别为78和27kDa(见图1),分别为大菱鲆IgM的重链和轻链。
(M:分子量标准蛋白;1:大菱鲆全血清;2:50%硫酸铵盐析纯化结果;3:Protein A亲和层析柱纯化结果。M:Marker;1:Whole serum of turbot;2:Crude extracts by salting out;3:Purified turbot IgM by Protein A.)
图1大菱鲆血清IgM电泳结果
Fig.1SDS-PAGE result of serum IgM of turbot
2.2 单抗的制备
细胞融合后,经含HAT的选择性培养基培养后,有70余株杂交瘤生成。其中,20余株ELISA检测结果呈阳性。利用有限稀释法对阳性杂交瘤克隆后,进一步筛选,获得了3株稳定分泌抗大菱鲆IgM单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞,3株单抗分别命名为1B2,1G4和2A1。类型分析显示,3株单抗均为IgG型。
2.3 Western blotting
Western blotting分析结果显示,单抗1B2和1G4 可特异性识别分子量为78 kDa的大菱鲆IgM重链分子,而单抗2A1可特异性识别分子量为27 kDa的IgM轻链分子(见图2)。
(M:标准分子量蛋白;1:纯化的大菱鲆血清IgM;2:1B2;3:1G4;4:2A1;5:阴性对照。M: Marker;1: Purified IgM of turbot;2:1B2; 3:1G4; 4: 2A1; 5: Negative control.)
图2抗大菱鲆血清IgM单抗免疫印迹结果
Fig.2Western blotting of MAbs with purified IgM of turbot
2.4 免疫荧光及流式细胞术
利用Percoll梯度法分离获取的健康大菱鲆外周血、脾和前肾白细胞,在微分干涉显微镜下观察呈圆形,无任何梭形红细胞,说明成功获得各组织白细胞(见图3)。免疫荧光结果显示,单抗1G4可与大菱鲆外周血、脾和前肾白细胞中部分细胞发生特异性结合(见图3)。表明1G4可特异性识别B淋巴细胞表面的IgM分子(sIgM)。流式细胞术结果显示,大菱鲆外周血、脾和前肾白细胞中sIgM+细胞的比例分别为48.07%、20.05%和18.45%(见图4)。
3讨论
分泌型IgM主要以四聚体的形式存在于鱼类血液和其他体液中,其重链分子量为70~81kDa,轻链分子量为15~29kDa,总分子量为610~900kDa[15]。IgM的分离纯化有助于开展其结构及理化特性的研究。硫酸铵盐析法已广泛应用于鱼类血清IgM的初步分离,它可一步沉淀出大部分IgM,但是此法获得的IgM往往混有较多的杂蛋白,因此往往需要进一步纯化[16-18]。蛋白A是金黄色葡萄球菌的表面蛋白,可以特异性地结合IgG和部分IgM的Fc段,国内外已有较多利用葡萄球菌A蛋白柱从多种海水鱼和淡水鱼中分离纯化得到IgM的报道[19,20]。本实验采用50%饱和硫酸铵盐析沉淀结合HiTrap®Protein A Sepharose Column层析柱分离纯化了大菱鲆血清IgM,纯化的血清IgM在变性电泳中呈2条明显的蛋白条带,分子量大小分别为78和27kDa,与以往报道的大菱鲆血清IgM的重链和轻链分子量相符[7,9]。
(A、C和E分别为外周血、脾和前肾白细胞与1G4反应结果;B、D和F分别为A、C和E同一视野下微分干涉图。白色箭头指示sIgM+细胞,黑色箭头指示表面抗体阴性(sIgM-)细胞(Bar=10μm)。Leukocytes of peripheral blood (A), spleen(C) and anterior kidney (E) staining with MAb 1G4. (B), (D) and (F) were observed by interferential equipment in the same field as shown in (A), (C) and (E) respectively. White arrows indicate the sIgM+cells, black arrows indicate sIgM-cells. (Bar=10 μm).)
图3单抗1G4间接免疫荧光检测结果
Fig.3Detection of sIgM+lymphocytes by IFA
单克隆杂交瘤细胞能永久传代并能稳定分泌抗体,可以保证抗体的特异性和稳定性。本实验以纯化的大菱鲆血清IgM为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用制备单克隆抗体的常规技术,经细胞融合、筛选和有限稀释法克隆共获得了3株稳定连续分泌抗大菱鲆IgM单抗的杂交瘤细胞株。抗体类型分析表明3株单抗均为为IgG类型。Western blotting结果显示,单抗1B2和1G4可与变性条件下的大菱鲆IgM重链分子发生特异性结合,说明这2株单抗识别的抗原决定簇位于大菱鲆IgM重链分子上。而单抗2A1可特异性识别大菱鲆IgM轻链分子。
(A、C和E分别为大菱鲆外周血、脾和前肾淋巴细胞流式检测的散点图;B、D和F分别为A、C和E图对应的流式直方图;其中L1为阴性对照,L2为单抗1G4与白细胞结合结果;M1为sIgM+淋巴细胞比例。Leukocytes of peripheral blood, spleen and anterior kidney were shown by FSC/SSC dot plot with gated lymphocytes (A, C and E). Combined (smoothed) histogram and positive percentage of sIgM+lymphocytes (scale of M1) were shown in B, D and F. L1 is control and L2 indicates 1G4-staining cells.)
图4sIgM+淋巴细胞检测的结果图
Fig.4Detection of sIgM+lymphocytes by FCA
与哺乳类等高等动物相似,鱼类B淋巴细胞表面也存在膜结合型免疫球蛋白,利用识别sIg的单抗可以对淋巴细胞亚群及其生物学活性进行分析[21]。本研究利用间接免疫荧光技术分析显示,大菱鲆外周血、脾和前肾中部分白细胞表面具有明显的绿色荧光信号,说明单抗1G4可识别各免疫相关组织内B淋巴细胞表面的sIgM分子。进一步利用流式细胞术分析显示:大菱鲆外周血中sIgM+细胞比例最高,为48.07%;脾脏次之,为20.05%;前肾最低,为18.45%。这种分布特征与以往报道的多种鱼类相似[9]。但前期另有研究显示体重约250g的大菱鲆外周血中的sIgM+细胞比例低于本研究结果[22],推测其可能与大菱鲆规格及生理状况等有关。另外,sIgM+细胞比例在健康的不同鱼类外周血中也存在着较大的差异,黑鱼中为18.2%[10],鲤中为33%[23],斑点叉尾鮰中为37%[24],舌齿鲈中为52%[25],这种差异可能与鱼的种类、生理年龄和健康状态等因素有关。
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责任编辑朱宝象
Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Serum IgM of Turbot (Scophthalmusmaximus)
ZHANG Wei, TANG Xiao-Qian, SHENG Xiu-Zhen, XING Jing, ZHAN Wen-Bin
(Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China)
Abstract:Immunoglobulins (Ig) paly vital roles in fish adaptive humoral immune system. In order to investigate the characters of Ig M and surface IgM positive (sIgM+) cells in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), serum IgM was isolated from turbot with salting out and protein A affinity chromatography in combination. In SDS-PAGE, the purified protein showed two main bands with the molecular weight of 78 kDa and 27 kDa, which corresponded to the heavy chain and light chain of turbot IgM, respectively. The purified IgM was used to immunize BALB/c mice. Three days after the last immunization, spleen cells were collected and fused with myeloma cells. The hybridomas were cultured in the medium containing HAT, and screened with indirect ELISA and western blotting. Hybridomas giving positive results were cloned by limiting dilution, and three MAbs, named 1B2, 1G4 and 2A1, were produced. Isotype analyzing showed that all the three MAbs belonged to IgG isotype. Western blotting showed that MAb 1B2 and MAb 1G4 specifically recognized the heavy chain of turbot IgM while MAb 2A1 recognized the light chain. MAb 1G4 was largely produced in mouse ascites and applied in immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and flow cytometry assay (FCA). In IFA, obvious fluorescence signals were observed at the membrane of partial lymphocyte, suggesting that MAb1G4 recognized the sIgM+ lymphocytes in peripheral blood, spleen and anterior kidney. FCA revealed that 48.07% of leukocyte in the peripheral blood, 20.05% in the spleen and 18.45% in the anterior kidney were reactive to MAb1G4. These results demonstrated that obtained MAbs could be used as tools to detect the soluble and membrane bounded IgM molecules of turbot. In this study, MAbs that specifically recognized the serum IgM and sIgM+ lymphocytes of turbot were produced, which may be employed to investigate the immune system and immune defense mechanisms of turbot.
Key words:Scophthalmus maximus; serum immunoglobulin M; monoclonal antibody; immunofluorescence; flow cytometry
中图法分类号:S91
文献标志码:A
文章编号:1672-5174(2016)01-027-06
作者简介:张伟(1987-),男,博士生,主要从事水产动物病害与免疫学研究。
收稿日期:2014-12-23;
修订日期:2015-04-20
*基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(31302216;31172429;31472295);国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(2012CB114406);国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD17B01)资助
DOI:10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20140430
引用格式:张伟, 唐小千, 绳秀珍, 等. 大菱鲆血清免疫球蛋白IgM单克隆抗体的制备及其特性分析[J]. 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 46(1): 27-32.
ZHANG Wei, TANG Xiao-Qian, SHENG Xiu-Zhen, et al. An integrative evaluation of ecological effect of artificial reefs with entropy-weighted fuzzy matter-element method[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2016, 46(1): 27-32.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31302216;31172429;31472295);National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB114406);National Science and Technology Supporting Program(2012BAD17B01)
**通讯作者: E-mail: wbzhan@ouc.edu.cn