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人类未成熟卵母细胞的体外成熟培养研究进展

2016-04-04胡燎燎郑月慧

实用临床医学 2016年12期
关键词:卵母细胞生殖不孕症

胡燎燎,张 静,郑月慧

(南昌大学a.医学实验教学中心; b.第一附属医院生殖中心;c.基础医学院生理学教研室,南昌 330006)

人类未成熟卵母细胞的体外成熟培养研究进展

胡燎燎a,张 静b,郑月慧c

(南昌大学a.医学实验教学中心; b.第一附属医院生殖中心;c.基础医学院生理学教研室,南昌 330006)

随着人类生育年龄的推迟及二胎政策的全面放开,不孕症、卵巢早衰、卵巢储备功能不足等女性生殖疾病罹患率也呈逐年上升趋势。人类未成熟卵母细胞的体外成熟(in vitro maturation,IVM)培养一直是国内外生殖医学领域研究者关注的热点。体外培养卵泡生长状态受获取卵泡途径、培养环境、培养方案等多种因素影响。文章就人类未成熟卵母细胞IVM培养的临床适应证、培养方案及影响因素作一综述,为相关研究人员和临床工作者提供参考。

未成熟卵母细胞; 体外成熟培养; 培养方案; 影响因素; 人类

随着二胎政策的全面放开,女性的生育需求日益强烈,但多囊卵巢综合征、卵泡发育迟缓、卵巢储备功能不足等卵子成熟障碍所致不孕症的发生率也呈快速上升趋势。据世界卫生组织统计,全世界不孕症患者已达1亿左右,中国的不孕率已由20年前的3%提高至12%左右[1]。随着社会经济的发展,越来越多的不孕不育患者选择人类辅助生殖技术(assisted reproductive technology,ART)繁衍后代。传统的ART是指人工授精(artificial insemination,AI)和体外受精-胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,IVF-ET),而人类未成熟卵母细胞的体外成熟(in vitro maturation,IVM)培养是一项新的ART衍生技术。由于IVM技术可避免传统的IVF引起的卵巢过度刺激综合征(ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome,OHSS)[2],并可减少治疗费用,因此近30年来受到广泛关注[3-4]。1991年,Cha等[5]首次对不孕症患者应用IVM技术,并诞下1名健康婴儿。目前,世界范围内约有5000名IVM试管婴儿诞生[6],而国内掌握IVM技术的医院和机构较少。笔者就人类未成熟卵母细胞的IVM培养研究进展作一综述。

1 IVM的优点与临床适应证

IVF方案要求患者接受一段时间的促性腺激素(gonadotropins,Gn)治疗以促进排卵。部分接受治疗的女性,尤其是多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS)患者,由于过度刺激卵巢,而易导致OHSS。IVM在体外进行,无需或仅需少量激素作用,具有减少治疗费用、避免药物不良反应、简化医疗监控过程的优点。由于技术不成熟等原因,IVM卵母细胞成熟率及发育潜能较自然状态下的体内卵母细胞低,受孕率较IVF卵母细胞低。目前,IVM主要的临床适应证有:1)伴有PCOS的不孕症。2)有生育要求的癌症患者,如小窦状卵泡在体外培养46~48 h即可发育成熟,因此即将进行放、化疗而需短期内采取生殖力保存措施的患者可选择IVM替代IVF。2014年,Prasath等[7]首次报道卵巢癌患者行卵巢切除术后,采用IVM卵母细胞发育、受精而来的胚胎进行冷冻保存,最终成功产下婴儿。3)LH受体缺陷的患者也可采用IVM体外获取成熟卵母细胞[8]。

2 IVM实施方案

根据Gn使用情况,将IVM实施方案大致分为以下几种:1)经典IVM方式:最早的IVM技术方案中不加入任何Gn。当卵泡直径达到10~12 mm而未形成优势卵泡时结束培养。该方案不仅适用于PCOS患者,还适用于排卵正常的个体。2)添加卵泡刺激素(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)培养。FSH对卵泡发育和卵母细胞成熟十分重要,FSH水平不足或缺乏会影响排卵。在培养时加入小剂量FSH可增加获卵数、体外培养成熟率以及妊娠率[9-10]。一般在体外培养的第3天加入100~150 U 的FSH,连续3d至卵泡达到10~12 mm[11]。人绝经期促性腺激素(human menopausal gonadotropin,HMG)含FSH和LH,可促进IVM卵母细胞生长,增加获卵数和妊娠率[12-13]。3)添加人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,hCG)培养。在培养时,加入hCG(一般为10 000 U)有助于卵母细胞减数分裂的恢复[14],并能够增加妊娠率。有研究[15-16]显示,当PCOS患者行IVM时,hCG可以显著提高卵母细胞成熟率、受精率、妊娠率和出生率。4)联合使用FSH和hCG。当体外培养卵母细胞时,联合使用FSH和hCG可进一步提高获卵数、卵母细胞成熟率、种植率和临床妊娠率[17]。

3 影响因素

与自然状态下和传统的IVF等辅助生殖技术中卵母细胞成熟方式不同,IVM未成熟卵母细胞的减数分裂在体外完成,该过程受多种因素影响。

3.1 取卵方式与时间

用于IVM的未成熟卵泡可直接从阴道采集,也可从手术切除的体外卵巢组织上采集[18-19]。用于IVM的卵母细胞恢复能力受阴道采集时的抽吸压力和针头型号的影响。较高吸取压力和较粗针头有利于卵母细胞恢复,但会损伤卵母细胞外的卵丘细胞。与IVF获取卵母细胞不同,阴道获取卵母细胞用于IVM时,需缩短采集针的长度,增加针的硬度,并减小吸取时的压力(大约为56 mmHg)[4]。有文献[20]报道,将卵母细胞采集针反复在卵巢基质上抽吸的过程中逐渐增加抽吸压力,可采集到更多卵泡。卵泡越小,卵母细胞恢复减数分裂进而发育成熟的能力越弱,但体积较大的优势卵泡可分泌大量雌激素而引起周围卵泡闭锁。因此,过早或过晚结束培养都会对卵母细胞的质量产生不利影响。目前,一般在卵泡直径达到10~12 mm时结束培养。有研究[21]表明,如果在结束培养前35~38 h加入hCG,在结束培养时的卵母细胞的直径大小将对培养结果无明显影响。

3.2 体外培养方法

在体外培养时的卵泡所处空间结构的不同,卵泡体外培养方法被大致分为微滴(一维)培养、二维培养和三维培养。将卵泡直接放在培养皿中进行一维法培养时,不利于卵母细胞与其周围颗粒细胞之间的相互作用,且卵泡因重力作用而失去三维结构,进而影响卵母细胞生长[22]。目前,常采用二维培养法和三维培养法对卵泡进行培养。利用颗粒细胞或STO细胞在培养皿底部铺饲养层可构建二维培养环境,而在海藻酸钠水凝胶等特殊材料包裹后,包埋培养可构造三维立体结构的卵泡培养环境[23]。另外,卵泡生长受到组织密度的调节,低密度条件下卵泡可加速生长[24]。Xiao等[25]采用“两步法”,通过IVM培养而成功获取成熟卵母细胞,即在三维培养环境中培养窦前卵泡至窦状卵泡阶段,随后去除部分卵泡,使细胞密度降低,从而促进卵母细胞生长,并最终获取成熟卵母细胞。

3.3 培养液添加成分

将未成熟的小窦状卵泡从人体内取出后,卵母细胞所处环境即发生变化,与其直接接触的培养液成分将对卵母细胞的发育、成熟、受精能力等产生重要的影响。适当添加Gn有助于获取高质量的IVM的卵母细胞,添加促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist,GnRHa),可促进人IVM的卵母细胞的成熟和排卵,并最终产下婴儿[26]。在培养液中加入表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)可增加人IVM的成功率[27]。减数分裂抑制剂可延迟IVM的卵母细胞减数分裂的恢复,而cAMP可促进减数分裂的发生。在培养液中加入不同浓度和种类的cAMP调节因子,可使cAMP浓度增高,有利于IVM的卵母细胞的发育[28-29]。另外,IVM的卵母细胞的细胞质与细胞核并非同步成熟。生发泡破裂排出第一极体标志着卵母细胞核的成熟,但较难对卵母细胞质成熟程度进行检测。有文献[30]报道,当生殖力保存时,在对卵巢组织或卵泡进行玻璃化处理的过程中玻璃化液有利于IVM和后期的胚胎发育,可能与卵母细胞质、核非同步成熟有关。

4 展望

近年来,由于生育问题形势严峻,而IVM技术快速发展,其应用越来越广泛。相对于IVF和自然妊娠而言,尽管IVM存在妊娠率和出生率低的问题,但其具有安全、操作相对简单快捷的特点,使其逐渐成为IVF的替代疗法。在IVF和体外胚胎培养等传统ART技术的使用过程中存在导致基因组印迹异常的风险[31],而该现象在IVM中尚未发现,并在一定程度上进一步证实了IVM的安全性和未来更广泛的接受度[32-33]。卵母细胞成熟受染色质结构、线粒体分布等因素的影响[12]。卵母细胞与卵丘细胞之间的相互作用和信号交流可调控卵母细胞减数分裂抑制与恢复[34],是IVM的另一关键影响因素。为进一步提高IVM技术水平,未来应从分子水平和亚细胞结构水平全面了解在卵母细胞成熟过程中的调控因素,通过相关技术检测,有针对性地优化未成熟卵母细胞的IVM培养方案。

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(责任编辑:胡炜华)

Research Progress of In Vitro Maturation of Human Immature Oocytes

HU Liao-liaoa,ZHANG Jingb,ZHENG Yue-huic

(a.MedicalExperimentalTeachingCenter; b.ReproductiveCenteroftheFirstAffiliatedHospital; c.DepartmentofPhysiologyofBasicMedicalSchool,NanchangUniversity,Nanchang330006,China)

With the delay of childbearing age and the full implementation of Two-Childen Policy,the prevalence of reproductive diseases including infertility,premature ovarian failure and diminished ovarian reserve increases year by year.In vitro maturation(IVM) of human immature oocytes is a hot spot in the field of reproductive medicine.The growth of follicles cultured in vitro is affected by multiple factors such as approaches to oocyte retrieval,culture environment and culture regimens.This paper reviews the clinical indications,culture methods and influencing factors of IVM of human immature oocytes to provide more information for relevant researchers and clinical workers.

immature oocytes; in vitro maturation; culture methods; influencing factors; human

2016-11-09

国家自然科学基金(81360100);江西省卫生厅科技计划项目(20113023)

胡燎燎(1990—),女,硕士,主要从事生殖医学的研究。

张静,主治医师,E-mail:65304902@qq.com。

R711.6; R339.2

A

1009-8194(2016)12-0095-04

10.13764/j.cnki.lcsy.2016.12.039

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